摘要:

Abstract—The problems of reconstructing historical relationships for areas of endemism from distributional data for groups of taxa and the cladistic relationships among the members of those groups can be solved by applying the two principles of parsimony and mutual inclusion or exclusion (compatibility) of components. Components can be extracted from a data matrix by means of transcription into partial monothetic sets. The data matrix thus derived represents the distribution over areas for the monophyletic groups in one or more cladograms. It is derived from two different matrices by boolean multiplication. The first matrix gives the binary representation of distributions of taxa over areas of endemism; the second describes the cladogram for the same taxa, in terms of character states converted into binary form by additive binary coding. The derived data matrix can be used in historical biogeography to represent the given phyletic data (Assumption 0here newly defined), and can be amended to reflectAssumptions 1or2to accomodate the problems of wide‐spread taxa and missing areas. Areacladograms are determined from the derived matrix by searching for the largest sets of mutually compatible components. Area‐cladograms are evaluated in terms of support (vicariance) and contradiction (ad hoc interpretations such as dispersal and extinction). Area‐cladograms that best fit the data matrix regarding the balance between support and contradiction are selected as the best possible recontructions of relationships among the areas of endemism. The procedure is illustrated by the example of the poeciliid fish generaHeterandriaandXiphophorus, and several other standard e

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1987.tb00896.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—The male program of ontogeny in flowering plants encompasses the events from meiosis of microsporocytes to fertilization. Three main sequences are discussed; the deposition of cell walls, changes in cytoplasmic organelles, and the program of nuclear divisions leading to the formation of two sperm cells and a vegetative cell in each pollen grain. Variations in these ontogenetic sequences are particularly apparent in the monocotyledons, which exhibit diversity in pollen morphology, wall structure, and mode of pollination. The male program of development has been compared in selected terrestrial monocotyledons belonging to the Liliaceae and Gramineae and aquatic members of the Cymodoceaceae, Najadaceae, and Zannichelliaceae. A total of 26 characters from the male program are discussed and then used to construct a cladogram derived only from developmental data for the five species. The polarity of only a few of the character transformations has been determined directly by observation of developmental sequences; most have been interpreted by outgroup analysi

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1987.tb00897.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—A manual cladistic analysis of the unnamed monophyletic taxon Alpheoidea plus Crangonoidea produced a cladogram containing 36 terminal taxa and 185 characters. The genealogical relationships of most of the 35 genera presently classified under the Hippolytidae have been resolved. Ten of these genera have been transferred, with the Processidae, from the Alpheoidea to the Crangonoidea. The concept of the Hippolytidae Bate, 1888 has been considerably restricted, the available names Lysmatidae Dana, 1852, Thoridae Kingsley, 1878, Hippolytinae Bate, 1888, and Latreutinae Ortmann, 1896 have been invalidated, and the new, family group names Barbouridae, Nauticarididae, Alopidae, and Bythocarididae are proposed. The traditional practice of naming monotypic taxa of suprageneric level has been avoided, yet all genealogical information indicated in the cladogram can be retrieved from the final classification proposed here for the Crangonoidea and Alpheoide

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1987.tb00898.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1987.tb00899.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Gentlemanly Cladistics: Phylogenetic Reconstruction in Paleontology.—Robert M. Schoch.Coevolution and Systematics.—A. R. Stone and D. L. Hawksworth (eds.).Systematic and Taxonomic Approaches in Palaeobotany.—Robert A. Spicer and Barry A. Thomas (eds.).Cladistic Biogeography—Christopher J. Humphries and Lynne R. Parenti.Chondrichthyes II: Mesozoic and Cenozoic Elasmobranchii—H. Cappetta.Handbook of Paleoichthyology, vol. 3

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1987.tb00513.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY