摘要:

Abstract—Rerent criticisms of component analysis are based on misunderstandings of the relationship between component analysis, parsimony and consensus methods. These criticisms are rebutted, and the appropriateness of applying the Wagner parsimony criterion to the study of biogcography and co‐speciation is questioned. An alternative parsimony method, previously applied to mapping gene cladograms onto organism cladograms, is develo

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1990.tb00532.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—There has been little formal discussion concerning character analysis in cladistics, even though characters and their character state trees are central to phylogenetic analyses. We refer to this field asEvolutionary Character Analysis. This paper defines the components of evolutionary character analysis: character state trees, transmodal characters, cladogram characters, attribute and character phylogenies; and the use of these components in phylogenetic inference and evolutionary studies.Character state trees and their effect on cladogram construction are discussed. A new method for numerically coding complex character state trees is described that further reduces the number of variables required to describe them. This method, ordinal coding, reduces the size of data matrices, and facilitates retrieval of state codes. This paper advocates the use of both biological evidence and evidence internal to the cladogram itself to construct character state trees (CSTs). We discuss general models of character evolution (morphocline analysis, Fitch minimum mutation model, etc.) and their role in forming CSTs. Character state trees formed with theories of character evolution are referred to as transmodal characters. These transmodal characters are contrasted with cladogram characters (Mickevich, 1982), and the place of each in a phylogenetic analysis is discussed. The method for determining cladogram characters is detailed with more complicated examples than found in previous publications. We advocate testing transmodal characters by comparing them with the resultant cladogram characters. This comparison involves transformation series analysis (TSA; Mickevich, 1982) which is viewed as an extension of reciprocal illumination. The TSA procedure and its place in hypothesis testing are reviewed.Tracing the evolution of characters interests both systematists and non‐systematists alike. When character state trees (transmodal characters) are optimized on pre‐existing phylogenies, character phylogenies and attribute phylogenies result. Attributes are defined as a feature that may or may not be homologous (i.e., ecological categories, plant hosts, etc.). We provide two illustrations of this approach, one involving the evolution of the anuran ear and another involving the coevolution of the butterflyHeliconiusand its hostplants.Finally, the components of phylogenetic character analysis can be used to test more general evolutionary theories such as the biogenetic law and vicariance biogeog

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1990.tb00533.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—Circaea(Onagraceae), a genus of seven species from the northern hemisphere, forms a monophylctic group defined by the following synapomorphies: two stamens (opposite the sepals), fruits indehiscent capsules, hooked hairs on the fruits, and perianth parts reduced to two. A cladistic analysis of the genus was performed using 22 characters from morphology, anatomy and palynology. The seven species and seven additional subspecies were considered the terminal taxa. Polarity of the characters is based on the outgroup comparison method. Eighteen equally parsimonious cladograms were produced, each with 32 steps and a consistency index of 0.75. A successive weighting procedure was applied, resulting in six cladograms with a consistency index of 0.95. All 24 cladograms share the following seven monophylctic groups: (1) all species exceptC. cordalaandC. glabrescens(stipules deciduous); (2) the group ofC. mollis, the three subspecies ofC. lutetianaandC. erubescens(exsertcd nectary); (3)C. repensand all six subspecies ofC. alpina(single‐seeded fruits, stolons terminated by tubers, and viscin threads reduced or absent); (4) the six subspecies ofC. alpina(unilocular ovaries with no trace of a second loculc and tardily opening perianth); (5)C. alpinasubspeciesalpina, micrantha, pacifica, andimaicola(flowers opening on ascending to erect pedicels); (6)C. alpinasubspeciesalpina, micrantha, andpacifica(translucent leaves); (7)C. alpinasubspeciesalpinaandmurantha(glabrous stems). Results of the cladistic analysis support most of the current systematic classification of the genus, except for the relationships among the three subspecies ofC. luteti

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1990.tb00534.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1990.tb00535.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1990.tb00536.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1990.tb00537.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1990.tb00538.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1990.tb00539.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1990.tb00540.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY