摘要:

Abstract—The method of parsimony in phylogenetic inference is often taken to mean two things: (1) that one should favor the genealogical hypothesis that minimizes the required number of homoplasies (matchings of independently evolved derived character states), and (2) that symplesiomorphies (matchings of primitive character states) have little or no evidential value for phylogenetic relationship. This paper shows both theses to be false by undermining recent likelihood arguments for them and by providing a more secure likelihood proof of a new method, which is incompatible with both (1) and (2

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1986.tb00454.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—The biogeography of the cicadas of the Indo‐Pacific is discussed in relation to paleogeography and compared with distribution patterns found in other groups of organisms. The cicadas show a low degree of endemism in the mainland of southeast Asia and the Greater Sunda Islands, and a high degree of endemism in Sulawesi, New Guinea, and the islands of the west Pacific. The biogeography of the cicadas of these regions with high endemism is analyzed for four groups: the subtribe Cosmopsaltriaria, the tribe Prasiini, the genusBaeturia, and the Pacific Cryptotympanini. A review of the paleogeography of the Indo‐Pacific, specifying the relevant barriers, island arcs, and land connections, is provided. The recognized areas of endemism are tentatively related to the geological history of the Indo‐Pacific. Areas of endemism are the Sulawesi Arcs and the Outer and Inner Melanesian Arcs. New Guinea appears to be a composite of areas of different origin: the central mountains of the Inner Melanesian Arc, the north‐coast mountains of the Outer Melanesian Arc, and the Vogelkop area, which is of uncertain origin. The Papuan Peninsula of New Guinea seems to be a zone of overlap between the Outer and the Inner Melanesian Arcs. The Pacific archipelagos of the Outer Melanesian Arcs (viz., the Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, and the Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa Islands) represent distinct areas of endemism. The taxon‐area cladogram of the Cosmopsaltriaria gives some indication of the relationships among the areas of endemism. The discussion is extended to groups of bats, frogs, psocids, butterflies, and moths of the Melanesian Arcs, as their patterns of distribution seem equally relevant for the recognition of the biogeographic interrelationships in the I

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1986.tb00455.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract—The history of biogeographic theories about the Indo‐Pacific is reviewed. The methods of cladistic biogeography are introduced and 10 monophyletic groups of Miridae (Insecta: Heteroptera) are used to apply these methods in the Indo‐Pacific. The results are summarized and then combined with those of Duffels on cicadas. The results of most previous schemes are rejected on the basis of new results because the prior studies applied methods which failed to correctly interrelate areas of endemism within the Indo‐Pacific and between this and other regions. The composite biotic nature of New Guinea is stressed.“it is the presence in and not the absence from land areas of organisms that calls for reasoned explanations” (

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1986.tb00456.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1986.tb00457.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1986.tb00458.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We can also put it like this. The introduction of an auxiliary hypothesis should always be regarded as an attempt to construct a new system; and this new system should then always be judged on the issue of whether it would, if adopted, constitute a real advance in our knowledge of the world—K. R. Poppe

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1986.tb00459.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1986.tb00460.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Systematics of the Green Algae.—D. E. G. Irvine and D. M. John (eds.). 1984.Evolutionary Theory: The Unfinished Synthesis.—R. G. B. Reid. 1

ISSN:0748-3007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1986.tb00461.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY