摘要:

AbstractAntigen 5, also known asDol mV, is a major allergen found in the venom of the baldfaced hornet,Dolichovespula maculata. We have inserted the f10 and f17 cDNAs, which encode hornet antigen 5 (HA5) forms 2 (Dol m;VB) and 3 (Dol mVA), respectively, into the genome of the baculovirus, AcMNPV, to produce the recombinant baculovirus gene expression vectors, vEV‐HA5f10 and vEV‐HA5f17. Insect cells infected with either vEV‐HA5f10 or vEV‐HA5f17 produce and secrete a novel protein with an electrophoretic mobility which is similar if not identical to authentic matureDol mV. The gene products also react specifically with a polyclonal antiserum raised to Dol m VB as expected.Dol mV gene products were not acutely toxic when injected into insect larvae. However, infection of fifth instar larvae with vEV‐HA5f17 resulted in premature melanization of the larvae and lower weight gain than infection with control virus. Thus, theDol mV gene product has a subtle, possibly cytotoxic or biochemical effect on insects. The expression systems may prove useful in further structural and functional characterization of these proteins. © 1993 Wiley

ISSN:0739-4462    

DOI:10.1002/arch.940220302

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAs supplements to classical chemical insecticides, two approaches to develop recombinant baculovirus insecticides are described. In one approach an insect‐specific toxin is expressed leading to a dramatic reduction in time to death. In the second approach an insect juvenile hormone esterase is expressed which leads to a reduction in feeding. Modifications of the wildtype esterase led to viruses which reduced the time to death as efffectively as did the toxin‐expressing virus. In both cases existing recombinant viruses are viewed as leads, and approaches to further improvement in the engineered viruses are suggested. Many of these approaches are based on analogy with the development of classical synthetic insecticides. Using these viruses as examples, the potential utility and limitations of recombinant viruses and other biological insecticides are discussed. © 1993 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:0739-4462    

DOI:10.1002/arch.940220303

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe insecticidal potential ofGalleria mellonelladensovirus (GmDNV) in third, fourth, and fifth instar larvae of the host, the greater wax moth, as a step toward the construction of a molecular vector for the introduction and expression of foreign genes in the larvae of these insects was studied. Third instar larvae are most susceptible toGmDNV. Viral RNA synthesis is more rapid in this stage and slowest in the fifth instar. Infection of prepupae by intradermic injection or by horzontal spread inhibited pupation.GmDNV DNA is also infectious when introduced as a calcium phosphate precipitate. The two putative viral promoters were shown to be capable of driving the expression of the reporter gene chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) in DNA‐injected larvae. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss,

ISSN:0739-4462    

DOI:10.1002/arch.940220304

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe spore‐forming bacterium,Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt), produces a crystalline parasporal body during sporulation, which in many subspecies contains one or more proteins selectively toxic to insect midgut epithelia. Most of these proteins are protoxins with a molecular mass of about 133,000. When ingested by a susceptible insect, the inclusions dissolve in the midgut juices and are activated by proteolytic cleavage, which releases a toxic peptide of about 65,000. In susceptible insects, this peptide binds to sites on the microvillar membrane, causing cytolysis, apparently by forming transmembrane pores. The cytolysis of midgut cells results in paralysis and subsequent death of the insect. Though less common, naturally truncated protein toxins with masses of about 70,000 also occur. Three major pathotypes of Bt proteins are known: Cryl and Cryll proteins toxic primarily to lepidopterous insects, Crylll proteins toxic to coleopterous insects, and CrylV proteins toxic to dipterous insects. The genes encoding more than 50 Bt crystal proteins have been cloned and sequenced and several of these have already been used to construct recombinant microbial insecticides and transgenic organisms including viruses, algae, and insect‐resistant plants. Analysis of Bt genes indicate that the protein toxins they encode consist of at least two functional domains: a series of five blocks of conserved amino acids that comprise the structural core of the molecule including the putative toxic moiety, and a hypervariable region thought to define the spectrum of activity. Determination of the mode of action at the molecular level and the genetic basis for insect specificity should enable recombinant DNA technology to be used to expand the insect host range of Bt as well as increase its toxicity against insects. Moreover, the high toxicity and specificity of the insecticidal proteins produced by Bt and their action on midgut microvilli suggest that other types of peptides or simple organic molecules could be designed as selective insecticides to attack other midgut functions such as ion channels, peptide and amino acid transport systems, and midgut proteases. © 1993 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:0739-4462    

DOI:10.1002/arch.940220305

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAP‐element mobility excision assay was used to determine if non‐drosophilid insects could supportPgene vector function. Present studies included the testing of Muscids, Sphaerocerids, and Phorids, none of which were able to supportPmobility. A new excision indicator plasmid was developed allowing the detection and recovery of virtually allP‐element excision products. The frequency and sequence analysis of excision products fromDrosophila melanogasterand another drosophilid,Chymomyza procnemis, indicated both quantitative and qualitative differences in the activity of transposase. The quantitative relationships observed in the original assay were maintained, and qualitative differences in transposase activity were reflected in the sequence of the empty donor sites. The results suggest that host factors are involved in cutting and ligatingP‐element DNA during excision, with transposase facilitating these processes. Possible limitations onPmobility by abnormal transpoase transcript processing were tested inAnastrepha suspensausing transposase‐encoding plasmids having deleted intron sequences. A transposase cDNA supported normalPexcision inD. Melanogaster, and a low level of mobility inA. suspensa. Possible applications of gene transfer in insects are presented, in particular methods to genetically sterilize and sex insects for the sterile‐insect technique. © 1993 Wil

ISSN:0739-4462    

DOI:10.1002/arch.940220306

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractChemical cues enable female parasitic wasps to locate the eggs, larvae, or other life stages of the insects in or on which they place their eggs. These chemical signals, or semiochemicals, may be produced by the hosts and/or by the plants on which the hosts feed. The composition of the chemical signal often differs with different species of hosts or with different plants. New evidence suggests that the wasps exploit semiochemicals emitted by plants in response to insect herbivore feeding. The wasps learn to respond to the different blends of chemicals that indicate the location of their hosts and they can be trained to respond to a specific odor blend. Thus, it may be possible to increase their effectiveness for biological control by conditioning them, prior to their release, to search for a target pest in a particular crop. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, I

ISSN:0739-4462    

DOI:10.1002/arch.940220307

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractUnder field conditions, the aldehyde components of the pheromones of important lepidopteran and coleopteran pests undergo chemical transformations (oxidation, polymerization, etc.) resulting in behaviorally inactive compounds. In our search for pheromone analogs with favorable chemical and biological properties, a series of nitriles, oximes and isothiocyanates, as novel functional group mimics of some cyclic and long chain pheromones, were prepared and tested. The biological activities of these nitrogen‐containing analogs were studied by electrophysiological and field experiments with three different insect species showing the nitrile analogs to be the most potent mimics, but their activities were lower than those of the natural pheromones. Thus, a 1:1 mixture of pheromone analogs in place of the corresponding natural aldehyde components III and IV elicited dose‐dependent electroantennogram (EAG) responses of antennal preparations of the female boll weevil,Anthonomus grandis. In field trials, the nitrile analogs were poor substituents for the corresponding aldehydes. In EAG experiments with antennal preparations of males of the southwestern corn borer,Diatraea grandiosella, Z11‐16:Nitrile ((Z)‐11‐hexadecenonirile) elicited dose‐dependent responses while single neuron recording from antennal preparations of this species revealed that a neuron responsive to the pheromone component was also stimulated by the mimic Z11‐16:Nitrile. In field experiments, a 97:3 mixture of nitriles Z11‐16:Nitrile and Z9‐16:Nitrile ((Z)‐9‐hexadecenonitrile) effectively attracted males of the cranberry girdler moth,Chrysoteuchia topiaria.

ISSN:0739-4462    

DOI:10.1002/arch.940220308

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe female sex pheromones of four sympatric Plusiinae species,Autographa gamma, Chrysodeixis chalcites, Cornutiplusia circumflexa, andTrichoplusia niwere investigated in Israel. The research concentrated on the behavioral reproductive isolation regulated by their sex pheromones. The chemical composition of the four sex pheromones was determined by analysis of pheromone gland extracts, and in addition entrained volatiles released from virgin femaleC. chalcitesandT. niwere also analyzed. The pheromones of these latter two species were found to contain several components, among which Z7‐12:Ac was the main one. The pheromone glands ofA. gammaandC. circumflexawere found to contain relatively small amounts of material and only Z7–12:Ac and Z7–12:OH could be positively identified. These two pheromone components were present in the two species in roughly inverse rations. WhereasA. gammautilizes Z7–12:Ac as the main or sole pheromone component,C. circumflexarequires both Z7–12:OH and Z7–12:Ac, with the alcohol being predominant. This is the first reported Plusiinae species using Z7–12:OH as the main pheromone component. Behavioral studies in the wind tunnel and field tests indicate that females of each of the four Plusiinae species utilizes a species‐specific blend of chemicals, consisting of attractive and antagonistic components, to attract conspecific males. Such a complementary strategy provides improved behavioral reproductive isolation among the sympatric species. For example, Z5–12:Ac, which is a specific component of theT. nisex pheromone, may be redundant as regards the attraction ofT. nimales. However, addition of small amounts of this compound to pheromone blends ofA. gammaandC. chalcitesresulted in complete inhibition of the males' flight behavior and trap catch; thus contributing significantly to the specificity of theT. nisex pheromone. The relatively high proportion of Z7–12:OH in the sex pheromone ofC. circumflexa, essential to the latter, is highly inhinitory to the three other Plusiinae species. The only case of cross‐attraction occurred whenT. nimales were attracted to a certain extent toA. gammalures and females.

ISSN:0739-4462    

DOI:10.1002/arch.940220309

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIsraeli contributions to the development of monitoring and mating suppression systems for cotton pests via the use of sex pheromones are described. These include identification of pheromones, development of dispensers and traps, assessment of pheromone traps as a monitoring device, and the use of pheromones for mating disruption. InSpodoptera littoralis, the minor component, Z9,E12–14:Ac, in addition to the major component, Z9,E11–14:Ac, was found to be essential for attracting males. The pheromonal components ofHelicoverpa armigerawere identified and only two, Z11–16:Ald and Z9–16:Ald, were found to be of importance for attracting males. InHeliothis peltigeratwo major pheromonal components, Z11–16:Ald and Z9–14:Ald, were identified and a species‐specific lure was developed. Two essential components, E10,E12–16:Ald and Z11–16:Ald, were detected inEarias insulanaand proved to be effective in the field. The importance of the dispenser for attracting males was investigated. The efficiency of an Israeli septa was greater than that of other septa presently in use in the U.S.A for attractingH. zeaorH. virescens. It was also shown that a more suitable dispenser enables the use of a smaller and easier to handle trap. Different types of traps used in Israel over the years are described. The modern funnel traps that are in wide use today throughout the world have almost the same design as the funnel traps developed in Israel long ago. Generally, there is a positive relation between captures of males in traps and the actual population in the field. However, peak capture of males in traps is somewhat delayed as compared with the peak of females in the field, and corresponds more to the egg peak. Trials carried out in Israel to test a hand‐applied polymeric aerosol formulation containing the major sex pheromone component ofS. littoralisgave very promising results. Satisfactory mating disruption by hand application of ShinEtsu ropes was obtained forPectinophora gossypiellaandH. armigera. The pink bollwormP. gossypiellais commercially controlled today in Israel by NoMate or ShinEtsu ropes. Twist‐tie formulations for combined mating disruption of both pink bollworm andE. insulanaare also being tested.

ISSN:0739-4462    

DOI:10.1002/arch.940220310

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractNonconventional insecticidal effects are exerted by preparations from the Neem tree, also called Indian lilac or Margosa tree (Azadirachta indicaA. Juss, syn.Melia azadirachtaL. orAntelaea azadirachtaL.) (Meliaceae). A closely related species, the chinaberry tree or Persian lilac (Melia azedarchL.), is a source of substances with similar strctures and insecticidal activity. However, the seed kernels, whole fruits or leaves of manyM. azedarchchemotypes contain tetranortriterpenoids and other principles highly toxic to mammals (meliatoxins). The most prominent insecticidal constituent of Neem seed kernels is the tetranortriterpenoid azadirachtin and related structures. Lesser concentrations of these active materials are found in the leaves and other parts of the tree. Third World farmers use crude Neem preparations, mainly seed kernel extracts or powders, as insecticides. An industrial Neem product, called Margosan‐O, is in commercial use in the USA. The nonconventional effects of preparations or compounds isolated from Neem may be classified as follows: (i) partial reduction or complete inhibition of fecundity and/or sometimes egg hatchability; (ii) reduction of the life span of adults; (iii) oviposition repellence against females; (iv) direct ovicidal effects; (v) antifeedant effects against larvae (and nymphs) and adults; (vi) formation of permanent larvae; (vii) insect growth regulator effects at molting between larval (or nymphal) instars and especially in the prepupal stage; and (viii) analogous lesions during the emergence of adults. Phenomena (vii) and (viii) give rise to characteristic larval‐pupal, nymphal‐pupal, nymphal‐adult and pupal‐adult intermediates, and to crippled adults. © 1993 Wiley

ISSN:0739-4462    

DOI:10.1002/arch.940220311

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY