ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1986.19-319

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Elderly persons are under‐represented in research and clinical applied behavior analysis, in spite of data suggesting that behavior problems are quite prevalent in both community dwelling and institutionalized elderly. Preliminary investigations suggest that behavioral procedures can be used effectively in treating various geriatric behavior problems. We discuss a number of areas within behavioral gerontology that would profit from additional research, including basic field study, self‐management, community caregiver training, institutional staff training and management, and geriatric behavioral pharmacology. Special considerations for adapting behavioral procedures are discussed, and suggestions for expanding the role of behavior analysis in geriatric care are offe

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1986.19-321

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Speaking disorders frequently result in serious consequences for mentally impaired elderly people. Two examples are presented illustrating the modification of both excess and deficit rates of talking via differential reinforcement procedures. Two men exhibiting verbal disorders severe enough to impair social interactions and lead to possible nursing home placement were treated by teaching their spouses to reinforce positive and ignore undesired verbal responses. Problem behaviors were reduced sufficiently to permit continued home care, and alternative positive behaviors were increased. These findings suggest that verbal behavior of the mentally impaired elderly can be affected by applying systematic consequences and can be modified by relatively simple procedures. These procedures provide an alternative to the negative effects of labels associated with either aversive or deficient verbal behaviors, promote more positive activities, and enable continued residence at home. Further, this research provides support for the generality of the utility of training spouses to serve as behavior therapists for the impaired elderly.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1986.19-329

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We evaluated the effectiveness of a comprehensive training program for enhancing the conversational skills of socially isolated, impaired elderly nursing home residents. A multiple baseline design across behaviors was used to train four subjects (aged 87, 85, 68, and 66), on four content‐related conversational components: (a) expressing common courtesies, (b) making positive self‐disclosures, (c) asking questions, and (d) making interjections and acknowledgments. Training procedures included instructions, modeling, behavior rehearsal, feedback, and reinforcement. Results showed positive effects with all four subjects; in two cases, changes were significant enough to affect untrained observers' perceptions of the elders' conversational ski

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1986.19-337

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We investigated the social validity of a common intervention (i.e., serving food during a social hour) that has been reported to facilitate social interaction among nursing home residents. Using a group reversal design, rates of interaction were measured. In addition, the vocal content of the interactions was recorded and coded by raters blind to condition. Rates of interaction more than doubled during the treatment phases, but ineffective vocal behavior accounted for the bulk of the increase. Results suggest the need to examine the utility of such programs in nursing homes.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1986.19-349

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We tested the effectiveness of a prompt‐and‐praise procedure for increasing walking distance and independence in eight nursing home residents. Walking distance and method of ambulation were observed just prior to mealtimes; in addition, mobility and social interaction were time‐sampled in the living areas throughout the day. Treatment was lagged in a multiple baseline design across lunch and dinner meals within subjects, and across subjects within each of three units. In the mealtime setting, two subjects began walking the maximum scored distance during baseline; the other six subjects showed a marked increase in walking beginning with the first meal in which the intervention was applied. Six of the eight subjects also progressed to more independent means of ambulation. Generalization of walking to the second meal was observed in all four of the subjects in whom this could be assessed. Generalization across subjects was not observed nor was generalization to the living areas. Staff successfully implemented the procedures in the mealtime settings and the effects were maintained at the 4‐month fo

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1986.19-357

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We examined the effects of behavioral procedures to modify the food choices of preschoolers during a snack period at school (training setting) and at home (generalization setting). In the first experiment, we evaluated the usefulness of nutrition training and a generalization programming strategy of cueing to improve healthy snacking; in the second experiment we investigated the effect of nutrition training alone. In addition, three cases are presented that illustrate individualized procedures to facilitate generalization of healthy snacking to home. Results indicated that children's healthy snack choices increased in the preschool training setting, that generalization to home was achieved only when procedures to program it were implemented, and that the best results were found when the generalization procedures were tailored to the individual child.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1986.19-367

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We conducted several manipulations of mechanical restraint properties during the course of treatment for two profoundly retarded adolescents who exhibited both self‐restraint and self‐injurious behavior. In study 1, a combination of prompting, differential reinforcement, and stimulus fading reduced one subject's self‐restraint, which consisted of holding rigid tubes on his arms. Subsequently, stimulus control of both self‐restraint and self‐injurious behavior was transferred to tennis wrist bands. In study 2, a second subject's self‐restraint—placing his hands in his pants—was immediately eliminated by the use of air splints. Additionally, differential reinforcement and air‐pressure fading resulted in the complete mobility of his arms and a substantial increase in appropriate behaviors. Results of this investigation suggest that stimulus fading and transfer may be valuable components in the elimination

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1986.19-381

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We observed the beer drinking behavior of 308 university students in several bar and party settings. The following relationships were found: (a) males drinking beer in bars consumed 0.92 oz per min; (b) females drank less beer than males, and stayed in a bar for a longer time period; (c) patrons drank significantly more beer when drinking in groups and when purchasing beer in pitchers versus cups or bottles; and (d) intervals between party arrival and first drink and between party departure and last drink varied inversely with blood alcohol concentration. We discuss these findings with regard to developing interventions to prevent alcohol‐impaired drivin

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1986.19-391

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Reductions in dietary fat have been recommended in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Because entrees contribute substantially to total meal fat content, we evaluated a cafeteria‐based intervention for increasing the purchase rate of low‐fat entrees (M= 6.83 g) relative to nonlowfat entrees (M= 25.59 g). The intervention included a poster listing the benefits of a LF diet and the daily LF entrees (i.e., broiled or baked chicken and fish dishes). During 6 days per phase, food selections (N= 3,264) were monitored by trained observers. The intervention, which cost $80.00, produced significant increases (i.e., from 20% to 35%) in the purchase rate of LF entr

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1986.19-397

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY