摘要:

The choice‐making behavior of 5 young children with developmental disabilities who engaged in aberrant behavior was studied within a concurrent operants framework. Experimental analyses were conducted to identify reinforcers that maintained aberrant behavior, and functional communication training packages were implemented to teach the participants to gain reinforcement using mands. Next, a choice‐making analysis, in which the participants chose one of two responses (either a mand or an alternative neutral response) to obtain different durations and qualities of reinforcement, was conducted. Finally, treatment packages involving choice making via manding were implemented to decrease inappropriate behavior and to increase mands. The results extended previous applications of choice making to severe behavior disorders and across behaviors maintained by positive and negative reinforcem

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1996.29-263

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The purpose of this study was to teach contextually appropriate affective behavior to 4 youths with autism. Treatment consisted of modeling, prompting, and reinforcement introduced in a multiple baseline design across response categories of affective behavior. During treatment, verbal praise and tokens were delivered contingent on appropriate affective responding during training trials. Modeling and verbal prompting were used as correction procedures. Each youth received treatment in either three or four response categories. Treatment systematically increased responding within the response categories for all 4 participants, with effects being specific to the affective response categories under treatment. Treatment effects occurred across untrained scenarios, therapists, time, and settings, suggesting that generalization had occurred.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1996.29-291

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We investigated the separate and combined effects of a behavioral intervention and methylphenidate (Ritalin®) on disruptive behavior and task engagement in 3 children with severe to profound mental retardation. The behavioral intervention involved differential reinforcement of appropriate behavior and guided compliance. All 3 children demonstrated decreased disruptive behavior and improved task engagement in response to the behavioral intervention. Two of the 3 children demonstrated similar improvement in response to methylphenidate. Although both interventions were highly effective for these 2 participants, the relative efficacy of the interventions varied between the 2 children. There was no evidence of an additive or synergistic effect of the two interventions, but the high efficacy of each intervention alone limited our ability to detect such effects

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1996.29-305

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We compared two treatment packages involving negative reinforcement contingencies for 3 children with chronic food refusal. One involved physically guiding the child to accept food contingent on noncompliance, whereas the other involved nonremoval of the spoon until the child accepted the presented food. Subsequent to baseline, an alternating treatments comparison was implemented in a multiple baseline design across subjects. After each child had been exposed to at least nine sessions of each treatment condition and percentage of bites accepted had increased to at least 80%, the child's caregivers selected the preferred treatment package. The results indicated that both treatments were effective in establishing food acceptance. However, physical guidance was associated with fewer corollary behaviors, shorter meal durations, and parental preference.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1996.29-321

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The majority of adolescent smokers are able to purchase cigarettes even though laws prohibit the sale of cigarettes to minors (Radecki&Zdunich, 1993). The present study focused on merchant licensing, civil penalties, and monitoring of merchant behavior. Several different schedules of enforcement in the city of Chicago were evaluated to determine the optimal schedules to reduce the sale of cigarettes to minors in a major metropolitan area. Schedules of 2, 4, and 6 months were effective in reducing illegal sales, from 86% to 19%, 87% to 34%, and 87% to 42%, respectively. In a control condition, illegal sales remained high (approximately 84%). Cigarette control laws that regularly enforce civil penalties for tobacco sales violations can successfully reduce minors' access to cigarettes.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1996.29-333

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Extinction of operant behavior, which involves terminating the reinforcement contingency that maintains a response, is important to the development, generalization, and reduction of behavior in clinical settings. We review basic and applied research findings on variables that influence the direct and indirect effects of extinction and discuss the potential value of a general technology for the use of extinction. We suggest that current research findings are not sufficient for the development of a comprehensive, applied technology of extinction and provide extensive guidelines for further studies on factors that may affect the course of extinction in clinical settings.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1996.29-345

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1996.29-383

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We examined whether offering an accelerated (same‐day) versus a standard (1‐ to 7‐day delay) intake appointment increased initial attendance at an outpatient cocaine treatment program. Significantly more of the subjects who were offered an accelerated intake (59%) attended than those who were given a standard intake (33%), χ2(2,N= 78) = 4.198,p<.05. The accelerated intake procedure appears to be useful for enhancing enrollment in outpatient addiction tre

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1996.29-387

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The aggressive behavior of a young boy with developmental delays occurred most frequently following a request to pick up his toys. The request ended a period of play and social interaction. This suggested the presence of multiple establishing operations. The initial treatment consisted of praise, a break, and access to the toys contingent on compliance. Results showed that aggression decreased only when we added social interaction to the break. Findings are discussed regarding treating multiply controlled problem behavior without extinction.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1996.29-391

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Brief multielement designs were used to examine the effects of specific instructional strategies on accuracy of academic performance during outpatient evaluations of 4 children with learning disorders. Instructional strategies that improved accuracy on academic tasks were identified for all participants. These results suggest that the application of experimental analysis methodologies to instructional variables may facilitate the identification of stimulus prompts that are associated with enhanced academic performance.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1996.29-397

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY