摘要:

Adherence to dietary restrictions is a recurring problem for children on hemodialysis. The effect of behavior modification in maintaining dietary control is reported for four patients aged 11 to 18 years. Weight gain, potassium level, and blood urea nitrogen were utilized as criteria measures. A token reinforcement program implemented by the hemodialysis team resulted in significant changes in the dietary pattern of the children. The average weight gain between dialysis sessions for the four subjects during treatment was reduced by 45% and the degree of weight fluctuation was lessened. Potassium levels and BUN were controlled to their appropriate level for subjects who initially exceeded the criterion level. With the withdrawal of weight gain from the contingency system, increase of weight gain between dialysis sessions was noted for all subjects.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1977.10-573

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study investigated the feasibility of using behavioral techniques to integrate an autistic child into a normal public‐school class with one teacher and 20 to 30 normal children. The results showed: (1) that during treatment by a therapist in the classroom, the child's appropriate verbal and social behaviors increased, and autistic mannerisms decreased; and (2) training teachers in behavioral techniques was apparently sufficient to maintain the child's appropriate school behaviors throughout kindergarten and the first grad

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1977.10-579

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A training program for teaching communication skills to nonvocal retarded adults was evaluated in three experiments. The four subjects were severely disabled physically and had never demonstrated functional speech. Each person was taught to use either a prosthetic head pointer or to point with a hand in using a communication board for expressive language. Following baseline in Experiment I, coordination training was implemented, consisting of instructions, manual guidance, praise, feedback, and practice. Each person demonstrated a higher frequency of accurate pointing to designated areas on the board during coordination training than during baseline. In Experiment II, identification training, consisting of instructions, praise, feedback, and practice was introduced after baseline. Subjects pointed more frequently to specific word‐photograph combinations to correspond to descriptive verbal labels after introduction of identification training. Social validation measures in Experiment III indicated that the communication board skills were functional in providing a method of expressing a choice of a leisure activity to people who previously could not understand the subjects' communication attempts. The acquired skills maintained throughout a seven‐week followup per

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1977.10-591

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article reports on the primary steps in the development of parent advice for popular dissemination: (a) developing advice for one specific problem situation, family shopping trips; (b) testing the advice program for benefit to children and convenience to adults; and (c) packaging the advice so it can be used successfully by interested parents. Systematic observation of 12 families using the written advice package on shopping trips revealed its effectiveness in reducing child disruptions and increasing positive interactions between parents and children. These findings, along with interview information from families, showed that the package is usable, effective, and popular with both parents and children, and thus is ready for dissemination to a wide audience of parents—a step that in itself should involve research and evaluatio

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1977.10-605

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Forty normal male volunteers were randomly assigned to one of four experimental conditions and instructed to raise and lower their systolic blood pressure. Subjects received either beat‐to‐beat feedback contingent on pressure changes, noncontingent beat‐to‐beat feedback, noncontingent feedback presented randomly with respect to the occurrence of each heart beat, or instructions alone. The order of increase and decrease trial blocks was counterbalanced across groups. Subjects receiving contingent feedback were monetarily rewarded for appropriate pressure changes. Subjects receiving noncontingent feedback received rewards and feedback equal to the mean received by the contingent group. Subjects in the instructions‐only condition were also paid this bonus but were informed of their earnings only at the conclusion of the experiment. Results indicated that in the presence of instructions, feedback, whether contingent or noncontingent, added little to subjects' ability to control pressure during a single session. Theoretical and clinical implications are

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1977.10-625

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Few nonverbal developmentally disabled children ever receive adequate vision assessment because of their limited language skills. The present study details a simultaneous discrimination procedure for measuring subjective visual acuity in such children. A stimulus fading procedure was used to train a discrimination between Snellen Es differing in orientation, and a psychophysical tracking method was used to determine acuity thresholds. The procedure was tested with 11 nonverbal autistic and schizophrenic children and validated with four nonpsychotic children. Eight of the psychotic children were successfully examined in one to three sessions. Two of these children were identified as having significant acuity losses. The validity assessment showed that the experimental procedure resulted in thresholds equal to or slightly lower than those obtained with the Illiterate E chart.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1977.10-633

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Behavior‐modification procedures and an individualized tutorial program were used to remediate reading skill deficits in seventh‐grade adolescent subjects. Forty‐two college students were trained as reading tutors and contingency managers to use reading diagnostic and remedial materials, and to develop contracts and reinforce positive verbal responses toward reading. Significantly greater increases in reading scores of experimental groups, compared to control groups, substantial improvement in target behaviors, and significant changes in verbalizations toward reading were observed after 10 weeks of treatment. Six‐month followup studies showed that all groups had consolidated their gains and that grade scores continued to improve. The improvement of the experimental subjects remained significantly ahead of the control s

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1977.10-645

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Because of the emphasis on winning, the difficulties involved in assessing performance, and the lack of frequent and contingent reinforcement, a behavioral approach to coaching football was used. The players, all nine‐ or ten‐year‐old males, were members of an offensive backfield on a Pop Warner football team. Three frequently‐run offensive plays were broken down into a series of five behaviorally defined stages, permitting construction of checklists suitable for observing the players during both game and scrimmage sessions. The intervention consisted of the presentation and explanation of the appropriate checklist, and frequent contingent reinforcement in the form of feedback and recognition for instances of desired play execution. Performance gains averaging 20% occurred for each of the three plays after, and not before, the staggered introduction of each intervention. The results suggest that behavioral specification and positive reinforcement of desired play execution is a viable approach to the coaching of f

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1977.10-657

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Daily electricity consumption of four families was recorded for 106 days. A reversal design, consisting of various experimental conditions interspersed between repeated baseline conditions, was used. During experimental conditions, daily prompts (written conservation slogans attached to front doors) and/or daily feedback (daily kilowatts consumed and daily cost information) were in effect. Maximum consumption occurred during the initial baseline; minimum consumption occurred during different experimental conditions for different families. The mean decrease from the maximum to the minimum for all families was 35%. Reversals in consumption were demonstrated in three families, although successive baselines tended to decrease. No clear differences in effectiveness between prompting and feedback conditions were apparent. The procedures used resulted in considerable dollar savings for the families.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1977.10-665

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The performance of 26 third‐grade students who worked on individual weekly academic tasks was compared under fixed‐ and variable‐time “home reports”. During fixed‐time home reports, each student was given a report to take home on Friday that indicated the quantity of work the student had completed that week, contained comments concerning the quality of the work, and had a space for parental remarks and signature. The same report was given during the variable‐time reports, except that seven to nine students were randomly selected each day to receive a home report During variable‐time reporting, students completed more assignments and completed assignments on a greater percentage of available workdays than during fixed‐time reporting. The teachers' preference for the variable‐time reporting was one additional advantage for

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1977.10-673

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY