摘要:

For the contingency management techniques first devised by Keller (1966, 1968) to become a widely accepted teaching method, it is necessary that they be shown (1) to be applicable to general subject matter and (2) to be superior to traditional lecture methods. The present study demonstrated (1) by successfully teaching the material from a standard psychology text. The superiority of contingency management was established by direct comparison of final examination scores from comparable groups taught the same subject matter by either Keller's method or traditional methods. Students taught by Keller's method also rated the course more favorably.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1969.2-79

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Four first‐grade public school students exhibited non‐study behaviors during a period when all children were to study individually. A fifth‐grade student modified the maladaptive behaviors of the four first‐grade students. Lights on the four students' desks, which were associated with opportunity for reinforcement, rapidly brought study behavior under stimulus control. Differential reinforcement of other behaviors dramatically decreased studying. Reinforcement was reinstituted and studying returned to a high and stable rate. Surreptitious post‐experimental observation using closed‐circuit TV indicated that the behavioral changes effected during the experimental phases were partially maintained by the regular classroom environment. A replication of the baseline phase with the observer in the classroom produced an increase in the rate of study behavior, indicating that the observer's presence acted as a discriminative stimulus for studying. An additional contingency requiring improved academic behavior was imposed before the fifth grader was given the opportunity to engage in the behavior modification

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1969.2-85

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Four of seven human male subjects developed full penile erections when exposed to erotically stimulating motion pictures. Changes in penile size were detected by a mercury strain gauge transducer and automatically recorded on a continuous paper record. When instructed to inhibit penile erection in the presence of such effective stimulus films, every subject was able to reduce his erection by at least 50%. This inhibition was apparent as long as the instructions were in effect; when the instructions were removed and the film reshown, the erection returned almost to its maximum state. This was true whether the films were presented as few as three or as many as nine times in succession. When instructed to develop an erection in the absence of a film, every subject was able to do so, each reaching a peak of about 30% of his maximum. Such erections had longer latencies to the peak produced and lower maximum levels than those elicited by a film.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1969.2-93

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1969.2-100

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study was addressed to the problem of applying behavior modification techniques on a group basis to a class of retarded students with “attentional deficits”. Seven boys, age 8 to 15 yr, characterized as showing severe “attentional” problems or disruptive behavior in their respective classrooms, participated daily for 30‐min sessions in a special class over a 1.5‐month period. In each session, verbal instructions were given to the class as a whole. In control sessions, each appropriate instruction‐following response by a child produced praise for that child. In experimental sessions, appropriate responses also produced tokens exchangeable for tangible reinforcers after the session. Token reinforcement differentially maintained instruction‐following behavior in four children while one responded appropriately to most instructions and a second improved continuously during the study. While the data suggest that the present approach can be successfully applied to the alteration of instruction‐following behavior in retarded children, its major contribution may be that of providing objective quantitative information ab

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1969.2-101

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Six subjects, comprising one class at a school for the deaf, were given reinforcement consisting of time free from school work for remaining seated in the classroom. As a result, the frequency of leaving their chairs was sharply reduced. A second procedure presented free‐time not contingent on remaining seated. Little change was seen in the already lowered response rate. An extension of the time required to be seated with corresponding reduction in the number of daily free‐time periods did not reduce the effectiveness of the procedure. A one‐day observation after six weeks indicated that the procedure was still effective. A one‐day contingency reversal, requiring subjects to leave their chairs at least once during each seated period in order to receive free‐time, substantially raised the frequency of out‐of‐s

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1969.2-113

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Out‐of‐seat and talking‐out behaviors were studied in a regular fourth‐grade class that included several “problem children”. After baseline rates of the inappropriate behaviors were obtained, the class was divided into two teams “to play a game”. Each out‐of‐seat and talking‐out response by an individual child resulted in a mark being placed on the chalkboard, which meant a possible loss of privileges by all members of the student's team. In this manner a contingency was arranged for the inappropriate behavior of each child while the consequence (possible loss of privileges) of the child's behavior was shared by all members of this team as a group. The privileges were events which are available in almost every classroom, such as extra recess, first to line up for lunch, time for special projects, stars and name tags, as well as winning the game. The individual contingencies for the group consequences were successfully applied first during math period and then during reading period. The experimental analysis involved elements of both reversal and mult

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1969.2-119

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A method of programming a variety of assignments in a course was described. The instructions to students, the course assignments, and the grading system were presented in detail. The rate at which students performed the activities was examined. Different students began working at different times during the semester, but once a student began to complete assignments he continued to work at a rate comparable to all other students. No students stopped working after once beginning to work. The majority of the students liked the course despite being overworked. Several changes in the method were suggested based on the data from this course.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1969.2-125

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Data are presented which indicate that lever‐pressing behavior of a profoundly retarded child could be reinforced by the contingent application of vibratory stimulation for each response. With vibration available 24 hr per day, no decrement in daily rate of responding for vibration was seen over a three‐week period. Suggestions are made for further use of this finding in working with the profoundly retar

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1969.2-135

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effectiveness of television distortion as a negative reinforcer was analyzed. Contingency arrangements involving television distortion were found to be capable of (a) accelerating the work rate of a naive, mildly retarded subject on a simulated production‐line task involving card‐sorting, and (b) reducing gross hyperactivity of a mildly retarded subject. An escape‐avoidance contingency was arranged for the production‐line behavior of the first subject and a punishment contingency for the hyperactive behavior of the second subject. Television distortion appears to be an effective and practical negative reinforcer for use in behavior modif

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1969.2-139

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY