摘要:

A multiple‐baseline component‐analysis design was employed to assess the effectiveness of three treatment programs for suppressing the cigarette smoking behavior of 24 subjects. Satiation, cognitive control, and contingent shock procedures were evaluated. The results demonstrated a consistent relationship between contingent shock and suppression of smoking. It was further indicated that subjects should be exposed to the number of sessions necessary to achieve total suppression in order to gain maximally from treatment and to avoid relapse. Neither the satiation component nor the cognitive control component was correlated with clear, permanent decrements in smoking frequencies. To date, no other treatment program has demonstrated the dramatic effects of the contingent shock procedures used in the present st

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1977.10-173

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effects of social‐skills training consisting of instructions, feedback, behavior rehearsal, and modelling were examined in a multiple‐baseline analysis in four unassertive children. The treatment was effective in that the behaviors selected for modification changed markedly. The effects of treatment generalized from trained to untrained items (interpersonal situations requiring assertive responding) and gains were maintained at the two‐ and four‐week followup probe sessions. In addition, overall assertiveness in all subjects increased from baseline assessment to the conclusion of treatment and into f

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1977.10-183

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study investigated the feasibility of developing reliable, valid criteria for measuring and training the skills necessary to teach autistic children. The behaviors of 11 teachers and 12 autistic children were recorded in a series of different teaching situations. Teacher‐training was initiated at different times for different teachers. The results showed: (1) it was possible to assess empirically whether a teacher was correctly using defined behavior‐modification techniques; (2) generally, for any given session, systematic improvement in the child's behavior did not occur unless the teacher working in that session had been trained to use the techniques to a high criterion; (3) all 11 teachers were rapidly trained to use these techniques; and (4) the teachers learned generalized skills effective with a variety of children and target behavi

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1977.10-197

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three male college seniors were asked to drink beer at their normal rate in a simulated tavern setting. Each was paired with a confederate, also a male college senior, in an ABACA single subject design. In the baseline conditions, the confederate matched the drinking rate of the subject. Baseline and all subsequent conditions were continued in 1‐hr sessions until a stable drinking rate was achieved. In Condition B, the confederate drank either one third more or one third less than the subject's baseline rate. In Condition C, the direction was reversed. All three subjects closely matched the confederate's drinking rate, whether high or low. All subjects reported they were unaware of the true purpose of the stud

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1977.10-207

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A token reinforcement program involving two levels of token value and backup reinforcers to increase journal reshelving behavior in a large university library was experimentally evaluated. Results showed that instructions (in which signs asked users to reshelve journals) had no impact. By contrast, token reinforcement contingent on reshelving behavior led to a marked increase in journals reshelved. A return to instructions‐only conditions, when data were corrected for library usage, showed an increase in unreshelved journals over the token reinforcement period, though the increase was not to baseline levels. For the next 11 months, library staff maintained a modified token program. Follow‐up data collected after that interval showed that number of unreshelved journals remained markedly lower than levels at baseline and the first instructions‐only period, though they were slightly higher than at the token reinforcement period. Token reinforcement of the variety employed in this study constitutes an efficient, economical means of changing the behavior of library users who fail to reshelve books and jou

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1977.10-213

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This research sought to identify, train, and validate social behaviors preferred by youths to be used by youth‐care personnel (called teaching‐parents). With training, consistent increases in seven preferred behaviors were observed for the six teaching‐parent trainees. These behaviors included offering to help, “getting to the point”, giving reasons why a behavior is important to a youth, providing descriptions of alternative behaviors, positive feedback, smiling, and positive motivational incentives (i.e., points for task mastery exchanged for tangible reinforcers). Increases in these behaviors correlated with increases in the youths' ratings of the quality of the trainees' interactions. Posttraining levels of preferred social behavior and youth ratings for trainees also compared favorably with levels for successful professional teaching‐parents. These results suggest that teaching‐parents can be successfully trained to interact with youths in ways that are preferred

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1977.10-219

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

To determine whether tutoring might be academically beneficial to the tutor, this study investigated the acquisition of spelling words by three elementary students in a peer tutoring program. The experimental design allowed a simultaneous comparison of each child's gain in performance on comparable word lists on which the child tutored another child, was tutored by another child, or neither gave nor received tutoring. The children's spelling improved nearly an equivalent amount on those words on which they tutored another child as on the words on which they were tutored; no such change was noted on the words on which they neither gave nor received tutoring. These findings, that peer tutoring is profitable for the tutor as well as the tutee, provide a basis for recommending peer tutoring as one method of individualizing education.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1977.10-231

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three regular elementary teachers were trained in the use of a classroom management “skill package”. Subsequently, each of these three teachers (tier 1 of training) trained three more teachers to use the same skill package (tier 2 of training). Direct behavioral measures of student disruptiveness were taken in the three tier‐1 classrooms and four tier‐2 classrooms, and permanent product measures of student productivity in arithmetic were taken in the three tier‐1 classrooms. Results indicated that student disruptiveness decreased at least as much in the tier‐2 classrooms as in the tier‐1 classrooms. Data also indicated that serving as trainers benefited two of the tier‐1 teachers who profited least from the original training by producing further reductions in disruptiveness in their respective classrooms. Productivity data suggested that use of the “skill package” increased classroom academic output, especially for those students below the median in productivity during baseline. The investigators' time investment in training a tier‐2 teacher was one‐fourth that of tr

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1977.10-239

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A simple procedure is described for investigating stimuli selected as targets during urination in the commode. Ten normal males preferred a floating target that could be tracked to a series of stationary targets. This technique was used to bring misdirected urinations in a severely retarded male under rapid stimulus control of a floating target in the commode. The float stimulus was also evaluated with nine institutionalized, moderately retarded males and results indicated rapid autoshaping of directed urination without the use of verbal instructions or conventional toilet training. The technique can be applied in training children to control misdirected urinations in institutions for the retarded, in psychiatric wards with regressed populations, and in certain male school dormitories.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1977.10-255

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three classes of second graders served as subjects in this study of the effects of two types of intervention programs upon stealing: (1) an antistealing lecture with no specific contingency implied, and (2) a direct group contingency applied, whereby children were rewarded with (a) extra free time for no thefts, (b) allowed normal free time if stolen items were returned, and (c) punished with loss of free time if stolen items were not returned. A multiple‐baseline design across the three classes showed the group contingency to be effective in reducing stealing behavior; the anti‐stealing lecture was ineffect

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1977.10-267

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY