摘要:

In the current investigation, a modification was made to the preference assessment described by Pace, Ivancic, Edwards, Iwata, and Page (1985) to predict the effects of stimuli when used in a differential‐reinforcement‐of‐other‐behavior (DRO) schedule for 2 clients with severe self‐injurious behavior (SIB) and profound mental retardation. Based on the results of the preference assessment, three types of stimuli were identified: (a) high‐preference stimuli associated with high rates of SIB (HP/HS), (b) high‐preference stimuli associated with relatively lower rates of SIB (HP/LS), and (c) low‐preference stimuli associated with low rates of SIB (LP/LS). Consistent with the results of the preference assessment, the DRO schedule with HP/HS stimuli resulted in increased SIB, and the DRO schedule with LP/LS stimuli resulted in no changes in SIB. HP/LS stimuli were demonstrated reinforcers but did not result in a change in SIB when used in a DRO schedule. Thus, the stimulus preference assessment may be useful clinically in some situations for predicting both the beneficial and the negative side effects of stimuli in

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1996.29-137

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Results of basic research have demonstrated that behavior maintained on an intermittent schedule of reinforcement (INT) will be extinguished more slowly than behavior maintained on a continuous schedule (CRF). Although these findings suggest that problem behaviors may be difficult to treat with extinction if they have been maintained on INT rather than on CRF schedules, few applied studies have examined this phenomenon with human behavior in clinical settings. The purpose of this study was to determine whether problem behavior maintained on CRF schedules would be extinguished more rapidly than behavior maintained on INT schedules. Three individuals diagnosed with profound mental retardation participated after results of pretreatment functional analyses had identified the sources of reinforcement that were maintaining their self‐injury, aggression, or disruption. Subjects were exposed to extinction following baseline conditions with CRF or INT schedules alternated within reversal or multielement designs. Results suggested that problem behaviors may not be more difficult to treat with extinction if they have been maintained on INT rather than CRF schedules. However, switching from an INT to a CRF schedule prior to extinction may lower the baseline response rate as well as the total number of responses exhibited during extinctio

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1996.29-153

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The community living preferences of 4 institutionalized adults with mild mental retardation were identified using photographs that depicted a variety of residential characteristics. Individuals then were taught to obtain information regarding their preferences during tours of community group homes, to report that information to their social worker, and to evaluate the homes based on the information obtained. A multiple baseline across participants design showed that all 4 participants substantially increased their skills at asking questions, reporting information, and evaluating homes. The results indicate that people with mental retardation can take an active role in major lifestyle decisions that others have typically made for them.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1996.29-173

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We investigated the effects of two teaching variables on students' Spanish vocabulary quiz performance: (a) group study and (b) individual versus group contingencies. In Experiment 1, we compared students' quiz scores under conditions in which students either studied independently and received no programmed reinforcement or studied in groups and received individual rewards for high scores. The results showed that, on average, the group‐study individual‐reward condition produced superior quiz scores. In Experiment 2, we compared individual (i.e., the superior condition in Experiment 1) and group contingencies within the context of the group study condition. On average across the class, group contingencies produced performance superior to individual contingencies. In both studies, however, benefits for the classes as a whole were mitigated by effects on individual students. These results extend the literature on the effects of group‐based instructional activities and reinforcement contingencies. Educators who choose such procedures may encounter conflicting findings depending on whether they examine results at the group or individual

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1996.29-189

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We compared three methods of stimulus preference assessment for verbal children and specifically evaluated the utility of a verbal choice procedure for assessing relative reinforcer value. Using a token system, relative preference for five categories of reinforcers, representing 15 different stimuli, was assessed by three methods: a reinforcer survey, a verbal stimulus‐choice questionnaire, and a pictorial stimulus‐choice procedure. Results showed that the verbal and pictorial stimulus‐choice assessments accurately identified high‐ and low‐preference categories for 3 of 4 participants. Survey results alone often rated multiple categories as high preference, were less likely to identify low‐preference categories, and were less likely to correspond with the results of a reinforcer

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1996.29-201

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Reinforcement schedules are considered in relation to applied behavior analysis by examining several recent laboratory experiments with humans and other animals. The experiments are drawn from three areas of contemporary schedule research: behavioral history effects on schedule performance, the role of instructions in schedule performance of humans, and dynamic schedules of reinforcement. All of the experiments are discussed in relation to the role of behavioral history in current schedule performance. The paper concludes by extracting from the experiments some more general issues concerning reinforcement schedules in applied research and practice.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1996.29-213

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We present one method for distinguishing between extinction and punishment effects. The proportion of responses that produced a consequence (blocking) was varied while hand mouthing was treated in a man diagnosed with profound mental retardation. Response patterns across the schedule changes suggested that the blocking procedure functioned as a punishing event.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1996.29-231

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

During a functional analysis, a boy with autism and oppositional defiant disorder displayed destructive behavior that was maintained by attention in the form of verbal reprimands (e.g., “Don't hit me”). In a second analysis, contingent verbal reprimands produced higher rates of the behavior than contingent statements that were unrelated to the target response (e.g., “It is sunny today”), suggesting that some forms of attention were more reinforcing than others. A treatment based on these analyses reduced the behavior to near‐ze

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1996.29-235

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Assessment and treatment of covert self‐injurious behavior are complicated because it is difficult to quantify and apply differential consequences to covert responses. In this study, both tangible and social reinforcers were identified using reinforcer assessment methods. These reinforcers were then provided contingent upon the absence of tissue damage identified during physical examinations, resulting in near 100% success in physical assessment checks that was maintained over 10 month

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1996.29-239

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study compared the relative efficacy of providing simultaneous or delayed reinforcement on food acceptance during meals. The participant was a 7‐year‐old boy with pervasive developmental disorder and a history of food selectivity. Results indicated that both procedures were effective in increasing acceptance; however, the simultaneous reinforcement procedure produced more rapid behavior change and a higher overall percentage of food accepta

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1996.29-243

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY