摘要:

Observations of children in automobiles were made in seven states before and after implementation of legislation requiring use of child passenger safety devices. Increases in safe seating for children covered by state laws and children under 1 year old were observed in three of the five states implementing legislation during this study. Decreases in safe seating for these age groups were observed in two states, however. Increases in safe seating for children from 1 to 5 years old were observed in four of these five states. Although methodological limitations require cautious interpretation, these data suggest the impact child safety seat laws may have on compliance. Implications of this research for policies on child passenger safety and the importance of exploiting naturally occurring public experiments are discussed.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1988.21-233

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effects of specific signs and stop line bars designed to influence motorists to stop further back from the crosswalk when yielding right of way to pedestrians were evaluated using a reversal design. The introduction of the prompt and stop line reduced motor vehicle‐pedestrian conflicts (near collisions) by almost 80%. This finding was replicated in a second experiment the following year on two streets using a multiple baseline design. The use of the advance stop line is now being incorporated by the Provincial Department of Transportation for marking crosswalks on multilane street

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1988.21-245

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study compared the effectiveness of a videotape training program with other methods of teaching children self‐protection to prevent child abduction. Subjects were kindergarten and first‐grade students. Four experimental conditions were presented: videotape with behavior rehearsal, videotape only, a standard safety program, and no training. Acquisition of self‐protective behaviors was measured at posttraining and follow‐up by having confederate adults entice the children near their schools and homes. Results revealed that the videotape program with behavior rehearsal was highly effective in teaching children safe responses to potential abductors. The standard safety program was effective with fewer than half of the children. Three fourths of the children who received no training immediately agreed to go with the confederate suspects. The videotape program can be easily used with groups of young children in a classroom

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1988.21-253

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study assessed the effects of dashboard stickers and signature sheets on safety belt use among occupants of state‐owned vehicles in three Florida agencies. The stickers and signature sheets contained information regarding a regulation requiring safety belt use and a consequence of a 25% reduction in benefits for noncompliance if the driver were to become involved in an accident. Safety belt use significantly increased during the intervention phase in all three agencies and maintained variable but high levels for 5 months. In Agency 1 and Agency 2 (stickers plus signature sheets) safety belt use increased from averages of 10.8% and 9.4% during baseline to 57.4% and 47.0%, respectively, during intervention. In Agency 3 (stickers only) the rates of safety belt use averaged 9.7% during baseline and 38.0% during intervention. Some increases in private vehicle use were observed. A substantial reduction in workers' compensation claim costs was shown for the target agencies with some reductions also shown in the nontarget agencie

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1988.21-263

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of police enforcement and the use of signs and posters in promoting seat belt use by nighttime tavern patrons. Ten taverns in two cities served as sites. Data were collected on the nighttime seat belt use of tavern patrons and daytime citywide seat belt use. Results indicated that the intervention increased nighttime seat belt use by tavern patrons. Daytime seat belt use increased in one city and remained at a high level in the other following the intervention. Because previous research has shown that tavern patrons are overrepresented in the impaired driving population, and that seat belt use decreases the likelihood of serious injury or death, results of this study suggest that enforcement of seat belt use could reduce casualties resulting from impaired driving.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1988.21-271

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Safety belt use was observed at one restaurant during McDonald's “Make It Click” promotional campaign. Following baseline, the program was monitored without intervention. During the final 2 weeks of the campaign an incentive strategy was added providing a large soft drink contingent on safety belt use. Safety belt use did not change from baseline levels before the incentive phase. The rate of belt use increased under contingent reward and declined during follow‐up. The effects of a verbal prompt could not be assessed because of the almost nonexistent use of the “Make It Click” stickers throughout

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1988.21-277

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Stereotypic and self‐injurious behaviors are common forms of maladaptive responding demonstrated by severely handicapped persons. Various review papers suggest that no single treatment procedure is universally effective. Although there may be many reasons for this finding, one could be that people engage in these behaviors for various reasons, and that procedures that are incompatible with the cause of the behavior are unlikely to be effective. These studies also suggest many hypotheses for the development and maintenance of these behaviors, three of which are the self‐stimulation, positive reinforcement, and negative reinforcement hypotheses. The purpose of this paper was to determine whether one of these hypotheses could be matched to the cause of the behavior and used as an effective treatment procedure. We therefore compared one hypothesis with one other for 3 subjects in a three‐phase study. During baseline, data were taken in two classrooms for each subject, and a judgment was made about the hypothesis most likely to be related to the cause of the behavior. During the second phase, a treatment based on that hypothesis was used in one classroom, and a treatment based on another hypothesis was used in the second classroom. During the third phase, the treatment that was most effective in the second phase was used in both classrooms. Results showed that a successful treatment program can be developed on an hypothesis of why the behavior occurred during baseline. Results are discussed in terms of supporting the argument that treatment programs should be based on a functional analysis of the behavior in its environmental co

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1988.21-281

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study presents two experiments that evaluate strategies to reduce violations of a handicapped parking ordinance. The first experiment compared effects of upright versus ground handicapped parking signs on percentage of intervals in which cars were parked illegally. Introducing upright signs produced an immediate reduction in the percentage of intervals of inappropriate use of parking spaces. The second experiment examined effects of a police enforcement program on percentage of intervals of inappropriate use of parking spaces and frequency of inappropriately parked cars. Results showed consistent reductions in percentage of intervals of inappropriate use and number of inappropriately parked cars compared with a control site where no enforcement program was introduced. Implications of the research data for law enforcement and public policy are discussed. DESCRIPTORS: law enforcement, handicapped parking, environmental design

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1988.21-291

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We developed and empirically evaluated an instructional program to teach self‐advocacy skills to eight young adults with mild handicaps. Participants were taught to discriminate whether or not possible violations of legal rights occurred in socially validated scenarios and, if so, to role‐play how to redress rights violations. Experimental control was demonstrated with a multiple probe design across four general legal rights categories for the discrimination component of training, and a multiple probe across groups of subjects for the redressing legal rights component of training. Participants' behavior was probed in simulations and deceptions of legal rights violations in natural settings. There were marked increases in dependent measures after instruction. Difficulties in assessing generalization and maintenance of low‐rate behaviors and suggestions for future research are pres

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1988.21-299

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We developed a comprehensive training program to teach young parents what symptoms to look for to judge the severity of their children's illnesses, what to do at home to comfort their children, and when to consult their children's physician or take them for emergency treatment. Three pairs of subjects received training that included written handouts, verbal instructions, modeling, positive practice, and verbal reinforcement. Skill acquisition was assessed by a behavioral test in which parents assessed, treated, or reported a simulated illness in a child. Written materials when used alone did not improve the parent's ability to identify and report children's illnesses. Modeling and role‐playing followed by positive practice were successful in teaching these parents skills that were maintained for 3 months without additional training or instructio

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1988.21-311

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY