摘要:

Past studies have shown that stuttering is eliminated when speech is synchronized with a metronomic beat, but the speech sounds artificial. The present study investigated the effect of increasing the duration of these individual stimulus beats with the stimulus‐off period constant at 1 sec. When subjects were instructed to speak during the stimulus‐on period, stuttering was an inverse function of stimulus duration, indicating that the known metronome effect on stuttering is one point on a continuum of effective rhythm procedures. The “naturalness” of speech increased as the stimulus duration increased up to durations of about 2 sec, and then decreased. At optimal values, stuttering was greatly reduced and naturalness and rapidity of speech were retained. These optimal values effectively controlled stuttering in a field test that used two types of specially designed portable instruments, one of which produced a tactual stimulus and the other an auditory s

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1969.2-223

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An instrument that assists subjects in attaining deep muscle relaxation by means of analog information feedback is described. Subjects hear a tone with a pitch proportional to the electromyographic activity in a given muscle group. Results showed that subjects receiving this type of analog feedback reached deeper levels of muscle relaxation than those receiving either no feedback or irrelevant feedback. The basic method employed—electronic detection, immediate information feedback, and systematic shaping of responses—would seem potentially applicable to a variety of physiological events, and might be useful both in behavior therapy and in certain psychosomatic disord

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1969.2-231

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present study attempted to assess experimentally, functional relationships between home and school settings. Two children, both considered deviant in their homes and in their schools, were observed in both settings. The observations revealed that the children's deviant behaviors at home were quite similar to their deviant behaviors at school. Contingency operations were then performed in the children's homes. Results showed that the children's behavior changed predictably in the homes and remained at baseline level in school.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1969.2-239

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1969.2-247

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two severely retarded boys, each a member of a different play group, experienced three regimes of reinforcement from adults [contingent, noncontingent, and mixed (contingent and noncontingent)]. The agent of contingent reinforcement acquired stimulus control of the subjects' behavior; the noncontingent agent did not. The agent of the mixed schedule of reinforcement did not gain control, but aspects of his behavior came to function as cues. The mixed adult's withholding reinforcement in the absence of the target behavior (cooperative play) evoked cooperative play, whereas his presenting free reinforcement resulted in the subjects' remaining in their inactive, baseline positions.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1969.2-249

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A system called Performance Determined Instruction (PDI) is presented as a methodological tactic for training in remedial reading. The system incorporates aspects of binary logic, instrumental conditioning, and programmed instruction. Results suggest that PDI is a high‐precision instructional procedure effective in obtaining desired changes in reading‐task performa

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1969.2-255

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1969.2-264

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The speech disfluencies of five normal‐speaking college students were modified in a series of 10 to 17 sessions by means of response cost. During Point‐loss, each disfluency (repetition or interjection of a sound, syllable, word,etc.) resulted in the loss of a penny, as indicated on a screen in front of the subject. Disfluencies were suppressed and kept at very low levels for four of the subjects during the punishment procedures, and there was general resistance to extinction. Even though points were subtracted only during speech, there was a tendency for disfluencies to decrease, though not as markedly, during reading probes as w

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1969.2-265

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effects of teacher praise and disapproval on two target behaviors, inappropriate talking and turning around, were investigated in a high school English class of 25 students. The contingencies were applied to all students in the experimental class utilizing a multiple baseline experimental design in which the contingencies were aimed first at decreasing inappropriate talking behavior and then at decreasing inappropriate turning behavior. Observations were made of both student and teacher behavior. The results demonstrated that the combination of disapproval for the target behaviors and praise for appropriate, incompatible behaviors substantially reduced the incidence of the target behaviors in the experimental class. Observations of these behaviors in a control class of 26 students taught by the same teacher revealed no particular changes. The findings emphasize the importance of teacher‐supplied social contingencies at the secondary school leve

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1969.2-277

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY