摘要:

Behavioral momentum refers to the tendency for behavior to persist following a change in environmental conditions. The greater the rate of reinforcement, the greater the behavioral momentum. The intervention for noncompliance consisted of issuing a sequence of commands with which the subject was very likely to comply (i.e., high‐probability commands) immediately prior to issuing a low‐probability command. In each of five experiments, the high‐probability command sequence resulted in a “momentum” of compliant responding that persisted when a low‐probability request was issued. Results showed the antecedent high‐probability command sequence increased compliance and decreased compliance latency and task duration. “Momentum‐like” effects were shown to be distinct from experimenter attention and to depend on the contiguity between the high‐probability command sequence and the lo

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1988.21-123

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A treatment package was used to induce and maintain swallowing with three infants who did not swallow food or liquid. Prior to treatment, they received all nutrition and hydration via gastrostomy tube feedings. The treatment package consisted of least‐to‐most intrusive physical prompts, an eliciting stimulus, contingent social reinforcement, and repeated trials to induce and maintain swallowing. The design combined elements of reversal and changing criterion designs for all three infants. The package was applied across feeding devices (nipple, cup, spoon), situations (liquid, pureed foods), and persons (trainer, primary nurses, mothers). The number of swallows or ounces per feeding (from 0 to 8 ounces) and the number of feeding sessions per day (from one to five) were progressively increased. In each case, the infant received baseline conditions alternated with the treatment package. Follow‐up probes were done at 15 months, 21 months, or 24 months, respectively, after the last phase for the three patients. The package was successful in that the gastrostomy tube was no longer needed for Patients 1 and 3. Patient 2 maintained functional swallowing responses but received supplemental gastrostomy feedings because of unrelated medical problems. Results are discussed in terms of the need to isolate components of the package. The package can be used in cases in which the preexisting treatments (reinforcement with preferred foods, force‐feeding) are not feasible because of age, physical fragility, or the lack of a swallowing response following the presentation

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1988.21-143

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study presents a methodology for collecting detailed naturalistic data on preschool teachers' instructions and children's compliance and a descriptive analysis of variables related to instruction rate and compliance probability. In preschools, teachers and children were observed across a variety of classroom activities. Kindergarten and first‐grade teachers also were observed to permit a comparison of instructional behavior between preschool and early elementary settings. Among teachers, instructions varied in frequency but displayed consistencies in form. For example, teachers more often phrased instructions as imperatives than as questions or declaratives and directed more instructions to individuals than to groups. Teachers' instructional behavior varied across preschool activities and between preschool and elementary grades. Children's compliance was related to the context of an instruction, but not to its form. In addition to providing information about naturally occurring instructional events, the results illustrate the effects of context on teacher and child behavior and suggest directions for future descriptive and experimental researc

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1988.21-157

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effectiveness of a 5‐s constant time‐delay procedure to teach three chained food preparation behaviors to four moderately retarded adolescent students was evaluated within a multiple probe design across behaviors. Results indicate that the procedure was effective in teaching all four students to make a sandwich, boil a boil‐in‐bag item, and bake canned biscuits. The skills maintained with at least 85% accuracy over a 3‐month period. Training generalized from the school to the home setting for the 2 subjects that completed generalization probe sessions. The percentage of errors across all skills and students was les

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1988.21-169

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Evidence increasingly links a high‐fat, low‐fiber diet to coronary heart disease and certain site cancers, indicating a need for large‐scale dietary change. Studies showing the effectiveness of particular procedures in specific settings are important at this point. The present study, using an A‐B‐A‐B design and sales data from computerized cash registers, replicated and extended previous work by showing that inexpensive prompts (i.e., signs and fliers) in a national fast‐food restaurant could increase the sales of salads, a low‐fat, high‐fiber menu selection. Suggestions also are made pertinent to more widespread use

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1988.21-179

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A mediated punishment procedure that involved recreating a behavioral sequence by guiding the subject through the behavior in the situation in which it occurred was used to suppress several severe problem behaviors in two developmentally delayed children. The mediational procedure was first used with a 4‐year‐old autistic boy for biting and then for foot stomping. Next the procedure was used for stealing and hoarding behavior with a multiply handicapped 17‐year‐old girl. Results indicated that the procedure was effective and produced relatively rapid results. One advantage of the procedure is that it provides an opportunity for trained personnel to apply restrictive procedures to low frequency behavior that occurs in their absence rather than relying on less qualified staff to implement the procedure immediately after the behavior

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1988.21-187

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Group affection activities were used to increase the interaction of three autistic children with their nonhandicapped peers in an integrated early childhood setting. Peer interaction increased during free play when the affection activities were conducted, but not when similar activities without the affection component were used. This interaction included initiations by both the autistic and nonhandicapped children, with reciprocal interactions occurring more frequently with nonhandicapped peers who had participated in the affection activities.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1988.21-193

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Prior clinical research suggests that superimposition and subsequent removal of a schedule of continuous reinforcement (CRF) may be a viable rate‐decreasing procedure in that an extinction‐like condition is arranged. The arrangement of similar conditions in the laboratory, however, resulted in the quick recovery of baseline rates. Lever‐pressing patterns of eight male rats maintained by different schedules of variable‐ratio and variable‐interval food reinforcement were examined in an A‐B‐A experimental design of CRF food superimposition and removal. Responding was substantially reduced during the superimposition of CRF. Upon removal of the superimposed schedule, responding quickly approached presuperimposition b

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1988.21-201

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We develop and discuss four criteria for evaluating the appropriateness of units of analysis for task‐analytic research and suggest potential alternatives to the units of analysis currently used. Of the six solutions discussed, the most commonly used unit of analysis in current behavior analytic work, percentage correct, meets only one of the four criteria. Five alternative units of analysis are presented and evaluated: (a) percentage of opportunities to perform meeting criterion, (b) trials to criteria, (c) cumulative competent performances, (d) percentage correct with competent performance coded, and (e) percentage correct with competent performance coded and a grid showing performance on individual steps of the task analysis. Of the solutions evaluated, only one—percentage correct with competent performance coded and a task analysis grid—met all four cri

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1988.21-207

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present study assessed transfer of visual training effects for myopia using two different training stimuli and a single subject A‐B‐C‐A design. A male student volunteer, with lens prescription of −3.0 D (left) and −2.0 D (right), served as the subject. During baseline (10 sessions), visual acuity was assessed by two behavioral acuity tests. One test consisted of 50 line drawings of common objects as testing stimuli and the other test had 50 Chinese characters. A procedure including stimulus fading and reinforcement (positive verbal feedback) was used to train the subject to identify either pictorial stimuli or Chinese characters presented from a distance. Training was effective in improving performance on both behavioral acuity tests during the training phases and follow‐up but the change was more pronounced on the specific stimuli being used for training. Refractive errors assessed on a weekly basis showed no change in the physiology of both eyes. These results suggest that effects of visual training only partially transferred to untrai

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1988.21-217

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY