摘要:

We examined the effects of a social skills training package on the play behaviors of three young girls. Two children were taught to invite their peers to play and to use social amenities during their conversations with other children. A combined reversal and multiple baseline across responses design demonstrated that both children directed more social behaviors to their classroom peers after training and that these two children's play invitations were maintained in the later absence of experimental contingencies. In addition, both target children received a greater number of play invitations from their peers during the free play periods. In contrast, a third child's play invitations were not reciprocated by peers; her invitations subsequently decreased in rate after training was discontinued. An interdependent group contingency produced a reciprocal exchange of invitations between this child and her classroom peers. A reversal design demonstrated partial maintenance of subject‐peer exchanges after the group intervention was discontinued. The results obtained with the three target children suggest that peer reciprocity may facilitate the maintenance of children's play invitations over tim

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1985.18-187

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two studies were conducted to identify mechanisms responsible for observed “self‐reinforcement” effects. In Experiment 1, using a studying task, self‐reinforcement procedures did not work when they were private (i.e., when others are not aware of the goals or contingencies), but did work when they were public. Self‐delivery of consequences added nothing to the effectiveness of the procedure. The data suggested that public goal setting was the critical element in the procedure's effectiveness. In Experiment 2, an applied extension, goal setting alone was effective in modifying over a long time period studying behaviors of people with significant studying difficulties, but only when the goals were known to others. Overall, the two experiments make more plausible the view that self‐reinforcement procedures work by setting a socially available standard against which performance can be evaluated. The procedure itself functions as a discriminative stimulus for stringent or lenient social contingencies. The application of this mechanism to other problems of applied significance is briefl

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1985.18-201

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A cost‐effective incentive program to increase safety belt use was implemented by the campus police of a large university. For each of the 3‐week intervention periods during three consecutive academic quarters, the 22 campus police officers recorded the license plate numbers of vehicles with drivers wearing a shoulder belt. From these numbers, 10 raffle winners were drawn who received gift certificates donated by community merchants. Faculty and staff increased their belt usage markedly as a result of the “Seatbelt Sweepstakes,” whereas students increased their belt use only slightly. A cost‐effectiveness analysis indicated that the sweepstakes cost an average of $0.98 per each newly buckled driver. During each sweepstakes intervention, officers' belt usage increased significantly, but diminished to initial baseline levels after the final withdrawal of the program. Surveys of officers' opinions indicated that the police would accept the program demands as a regular task requirement. This result and the fact that program promotion and coordination were eventually taken over by two student organizations suggest that institutionalization of the “Seatbelt Sweepstakes

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1985.18-215

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We investigated the role of predictable versus unpredictable supervision on the independent task responding of three autistic children. In a predictable supervision condition, the therapist was present in the setting for a regular period of time and then was absent for the remainder of the session. In an unpredictable supervision condition, the therapist's presence was scheduled on a random, intermittent, and unpredictable basis throughout the session. The multiple baseline analysis showed that the unpredictable supervision produced much higher levels of on‐task responding during the therapist's absence for all three children. Analysis of work completed during the therapist's absence also favored the unpredictable supervision condition. The results are discussed in relation to the literature on generalization and educational practic

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1985.18-227

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We compared the effects of sensory and edible reinforcers on resistance to satiation in three autistic children while learning visual discrimination tasks. Within‐subject designs were used to compare a single sensory reinforcer with a single edible reinforcer and to compare multiple sensory reinforcers with multiple edibles. Results indicated that multiple sensory reinforcers maintained responding over more trials than did multiple edible reinforcers; however, the use of single sensory reinforcers and single edibles resulted in about equal numbers of trials to satiation. Both multiple and single sensory reinforcers produced higher percentages of correct responses than edible reinforcers. The findings are discussed in terms of the advantages of sensory reinforcers in teaching autistic childre

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1985.18-237

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We evaluated a procedure for identifying potential reinforcers with profoundly retarded individuals. In Experiment 1, six persons were repeatedly exposed to 16 stimuli, and approach behaviors to each stimulus were used to identify preferred and nonpreferred stimuli. In Experiment 2, we examined the reinforcing properties of preferred and nonpreferred stimuli by delivering them contingently on the occurrence of arbitrarily selected responses. Results revealed that the preferred stimulus conditions typically produced higher rates of responding than did either the baseline or the nonpreferred stimulus conditions, suggesting that the procedure can be used to assess reinforcer value for individuals with limited behavioral repertoires.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1985.18-249

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study addressed the question of whether an all‐positive approach to classroom management can be effective. The on‐task behavior and academic performance of eight, second‐ and third‐grade children with behavior problems were examined. Results indicated that an all‐positive approach that relied primarily on praise was not effective. However, when an individualized reward system was used, the children's rates of on‐task behavior were high and stable. Similar effects were observed for academic productivity. Thus, a classroom can be managed using only positive consequences. However, to be successful, such an approach may require a considerable amount of teacher time and effort, particularly potent, varied and individual rewards, and high rates of appropriate behavior previously established using both positive and negative c

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1985.18-257

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This research was conducted to determine the effects of a study skill training procedure on oral retelling of printed expository material read by three intermediate‐grade learning disabled students. Measures of story retelling, study characteristics, and answers to comprehension questions were obtained during each session. The study skills taught during the intervention phase involved a modified Study, Question, Read, Recite, and Review technique (Robinson, 1941). Findings confirmed the existence of a functional relationship between the use of the study skill procedure and improved retelling. Experimenter directions and assistance were systematically faded so that during postchecks students used the procedure easily and quickly while obtaining their highest scores for retellin

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1985.18-263

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A child watching an excessive amount of T.V. was provided a behavioral program featuring a token‐actuated timer. Earned tokens were used to activate the T.V. for thirty‐minute periods. The token‐exchange system effectively reduced T.V. viewing and the reductions were maintained at two follow‐up points. The principal contribution of the study is the development and evaluation of an electronically controlled device that was used to check the accuracy of parent‐repo

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1985.18-269

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY