摘要:

Recent findings from animal conditioning studies have revealed methods of reducing responses to a very low level with a minimum of aversive by‐products. These findings were incorporated into the design of a cigarette case that automatically locked itself for a period of time after a cigarette was removed from it. The next cigarette could be taken at the end of the interval, which was signalled by distinctive stimuli. Five heavy smokers were allowed to become accustomed to using the case. Then, the duration for which the case was locked was gradually increased over a period of weeks to about 1 hr. Smoking gradually decreased to the target level of about one‐half of a package of cigarettes per day. Control procedures showed that specific features of the apparatus were responsible for the reduction of smoking. The results indicated that this apparatus was sufficiently effective, convenient, and acceptable to smokers to constitute a practical procedure for reducing smoking to the level considered medically safe. The procedure may also have potential for reducing other habit‐forming or addictive beha

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1968.1-193

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Response‐contingent electric shock was evaluated in a laboratory and criterion situation before using it to eliminate infrequent and unpredictable biting and destructive acts from the repertoire of a retarded adolescent. Although the initial results were dramatic, the effects of shock were highly discriminated and the therapeutic objectives were not accomplished. The study demonstrates the power and some limitations of shock punishment and is presented so that others will be better prepared for problems that may arise before the goals of a program involving shock punishment will be realize

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1968.1-201

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Token reinforcement procedures were designed to modify the behavior of “pre‐delinquent” boys residing in a community‐based, home‐style rehabilitation setting. Points (the tokens) were redeemable for various privileges such as visiting their families, watching TV, and riding bicycles. Points were given by the house‐parents contingent upon specified appropriate behavior and taken away for specified inappropriate behavior. The frequencies of aggressive statements and poor grammar decreased while tidiness, punctuality, and amount of homework completed increased. It was concluded that a token reinforcement procedure, entirely dependent upon back‐up reinforcers naturally available in a home‐style treatment setting, could contribute to an effective and economical rehabilitation program for

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1968.1-213

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A retarded child was taught to imitate diverse demonstrations made by an experimenter, until new demonstrations were imitated correctly upon first presentation without direct training. These imitations could be maintained without reinforcement, when they were distributed among other reinforced imitations. Factors responsible for the continued performance of these unreinforced imitations were examined. When subjected to massed extinction trials, unreinforced imitations eventually disappeared; they reappeared when again interspersed among reinforced imitations. In addition, the stimulus function of “similarity of response between subject and experimenter” was examined. The subject was taught a set of non‐imitative responses, through discriminative stimuli controlled by the experimenter, and a comparable imitative set. Unreinforced non‐imitations, like reinforced imitations, were maintained only when interspersed among reinforced imitations. When all reinforcement was discontinued, all responses extinguished similarly, indicating that reinforcement was necessary to maintain the response‐class organization, but not confirming an essential role for “similari

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1968.1-225

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A technique of controlling undesirable or disruptive behavior during an ongoing program of verbal training with a retardate is described. The technique required that the stimulus materials of the verbal training program be graded according to difficulty,i.e., in terms of the length and complexity of the stimulus materials. (This resulted in an initial grading of the stimulus materials into different levels of probability of reinforcement.) Changes by the experimenter from high‐difficulty to low‐difficulty stimuli for two trials contingent upon disruptive behavior increased the rate of that behavior; changes from low‐difficulty to high‐difficulty stimuli for two trials contingent upon disruptive behavior decreased its rate. Thus, contingent alternation of the stimulus materials of the ongoing training program controlled the frequency of undesirable behaviors within the experimental sessions. This technique may comprise an alternative to other procedures which require punishment or timeout from the ongoing

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1968.1-237

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Individual conditioning techniques were applied in a controlled setting to increase attending behavior of an underachieving 9‐yr‐old male subject. The procedure involved: (1) determining a stable response pattern, (2) introducing a treatment variable to establish a high rate of task‐attending behavior, (3) measuring the effect of withdrawal of the treatment variable after attaining criterion performance, and (4) transferring control to the classroom. The interval of attending behavior required for reinforcement was systematically increased from 30 sec to 600 sec as the behavior came under experimental control. Manipulating the reinforcing contingencies measurably changed the proportion of attending behavior and the frequency and duration of non‐attending events. Once the behaviors were under experimental control, procedures were established to program generalization and to maintain the behavior outside the experimental

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1968.1-245

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1968.1-251

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Adult social reinforcement and access to materials in the preschool were made contingent on the verbalizations of a 4‐yr‐old Negro girl with an extremely low frequency of talking. Though the teachers' social attention was always given immediately for all spontaneous speech, if the child's spontaneous verbalizations were requests for materials, those materials were withheld until she had responded to the teachers' questions about those materials. When she was silent, the teachers withheld their attention and the materials. A high frequency of verbal behavior was quickly established. When both teacher attention and materials were provided only when the child was not verbalizing, the child's frequency of talking immediately decreased. When social attention and materials were again made contingent upon spontaneous speech and answering questions, the child's frequency of talking quickly increased to its previous high level. The content of the child's verbal behavior which increased was primarily a repetition of requests to the teachers with little change noted in the non‐request verbalizations, or verbalizations to other children. A further experimental analysis demonstrated that social interactionper sewas not the reinforcer which maintained the increased verbalization; rather, for this child, the material reinforcers which accompanied the social interaction appeared to be the effective components of teacher atte

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1968.1-253

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A behavior control technique is presented, consisting primarily of having a patient give up some portion of his reinforcers (usually money) with the understanding that he must behave in therapeutically prescribed ways in his natural environment to re‐earn the reinforcers. The critical features and requirements of the technique are discussed, various applications are suggested, and implications for research are draw

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1968.1-263

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY