摘要:

The current conception of the employment process is that positions become available, are publicized, and are filled by the most qualified job seekers. An alternative conception is proposed that social factors play a major role in the process and that job finding can be analyzed as an exchange of social reinforcers in which the first behavioral step is to locate job openings. A questionnaire survey of 120 jobs found that two‐thirds of the job leads came from friends or relatives who: (1) usually knew of a specific opening (63%); (2) were themselves employed by the hiring firm (71%); and (3) actively influenced the hiring process (53%). An experimental evaluation was made of an “Information‐Reward” advertisement procedure for motivating community residents to report unpublicized openings. It was found that the Information‐Reward procedure produced 10 times as many job leads and eight times as many placements as a no‐reward control advertisement. These findings represent a first step toward a much needed technology of job finding that is based on experimental evidence and support the notion that the employment process depends on factors unrelated to

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1973.6-345

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Heterosexual responsiveness, measured by penile responses and reports of behavior, was strengthened in three homosexuals through a fading procedure. Using two slide projectors, colored slides of nude females were superimposed on colored slides of nude males. As the sexual response was emitted, the nude male was faded out and the nude female faded in. Heterosexual arousal decreased when the fading procedure was reversed or stopped and increased once again when fading was resumed. Homosexual arousal remained high during this experiment but had decreased in two subjects at follow‐up. The results suggest that fading was responsible for altering stimulus control of sexual arousal and that aversive techniques may not be necessary in the treatment of sexual deviatio

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1973.6-355

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A field application of behavior modification studied the relative effectiveness of different prompting procedures for increasing the probability that customers entering a grocery store would select their soft drinks in returnable rather than nonreturnable containers. Six different 2‐hr experimental conditions during which bottle purchases were recorded were (1) No Prompt (i.e., control), (2) one student gave incoming customers a handbill urging the purchase of soft drinks in returnable bottles, (3) distribution of the handbill by one student and public charting of each customer's bottle purchases by another student, (4) handbill distribution and charting by a five‐member group, (5) handbills distributed and purchases charted by three females. The variant prompting techniques were equally effective, and in general increased the percentage of returnable‐bottle customers by an average o

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1973.6-367

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Eighteen male essential hypertensive patients participated in an experiment designed to compare two strategies for controlling high blood pressure. Each strategy was derived from the instrumental learning literature, and the aim was to treat the blood pressure response as an operant and determine the most effective conditioning procedure for manipulating it. The results demonstrate that patients could be conditioned to lower blood pressure by 20% to 30% over a period as brief as four days by providing an external signal and verbal praise contingent upon each reduction in diastolic pressure that met a pre‐set criterio

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1973.6-377

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Different ways of modifying the aide‐patient relationship to promote improvement in psychiatric patients were investigated. Psychiatric aides were given information about the behavior of assigned patients, cash awards based on the improvement of assigned patients, and different kinds of supervision by the psychology staff; the effects of these variables on a large number of psychiatrically relevant behaviors were measured. Appropriate behavior of patients increased when the aides were given quantitative information about the improvement of assigned patients. Cash awards for aides, which were not contingent on the behavior of patients had little effect, while cash awards contingent on the behavior of assigned patients were associated with more appropriate behavior. Direct supervision of aide‐patient interactions was associated with an increase in appropriate behavior, while required consultation for the aides about assigned patients was not. Behavior of patients deteriorated when the program was termina

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1973.6-383

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A study was conducted concerning the frequency of litter deposits in a single experimental trash receptacle located in a high‐use, urban park setting. There were four two‐week periods of alternating no‐contingency, contingency conditions during which reinforcement and incentive were evaluated. It was found that reinforcement resulted in the highest rates of behavior and improvements in the aesthetic appearance of the

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1973.6-391

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Vibration of the walls of the nasal cavities during production of an English vowel or diphthong defined a hypernasal response. A crystal transducer on one side of the nose activated a voice‐operated relay when vibration exceeded an arbitrary limit to provide an apparatus definition of the response. During training sessions, responses without nasal vibration turned on a white light in the sound‐treated chamber. Subject 1 had a repaired cleft palate and mild hypernasal speech. Introduction of the differential feedback, reversal, and reinstatement of the feedback conditions resulted in a rapid decrease, increase, and decrease in percentage of nasalized productions of the /eI/ sound Subject 2 had a cleft of the soft palate and severe hypernasal speech. Introduction of feedback produced a gradual decline in the percentage of hypernasal productions of thesound over 22 sessions. Removal and reinstatement of feedback resulted in a rapid increase and decrease respectively in the percentage of nasalized respon

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1973.6-397

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A recent study reported procedures (the “good behavior game”) for reducing disruptive classroom behavior. Replication of the procedures of the “good behavior game” in two classrooms showed it to be an effective technique for reducing disruptive talking and out‐of‐seat behavior. Further experimental analysis indicated that the effective components of the game were division of the class into teams, consequences for a team winning the game, and criteria set for winning the game. Although disruptive behavior was markedly reduced by the game, the reductions were correlated with only slightly improved accuracy of academic performance in the one classroom where academic performance w

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1973.6-405

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The four most inactive schizophrenic patients were selected by an observational technique from a ward of severely ill chronic patients. Of the four, two patients repeatedly refused to accept any dispensable rewards. Applying Premack's principle of reinforcement, consistent work behavior was shaped and maintained, using sitting as the reinforcer. The results indicate that the strict application of Premack's principle may have considerable therapeutic potential for those patients who, by refusing all tangible rewards, fail to respond to a reinforcement regime.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1973.6-419

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present study objectively defined and manipulated some compositional variables in 10‐sentence stories written by fourth‐, fifth‐, and sixth‐grade students, and related these operationally defined variables to subjective judgements of creativity. Points, exchangeable for candy and extra recess, were given to members of two teams contingent upon their using different adjectives, different action verbs, and different sentence beginnings. The students' use of these selected parts of speech was modified and the independent subjective ratings indicated that stories written during contingency conditions were generally rated as more creative than those written during baseline conditions. Operational definitions that specify non‐repetition or variety of responses, and contingencies that require response diversity may provide a beginning basis for defining writing creativity and the conditions that maximize its o

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1973.6-425

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY