摘要:

The study attempted to isolate some of the environmental conditions that controlled the self‐destructive behavior of three severely retarded and psychotic children. In the extinction study subjects were placed in a room where they were allowed to hurt themselves, isolated from interpersonal contact. They eventually ceased to hurt themselves in that situation, the rate of self‐destruction falling gradually over successive days. In the punishment study, subjects were administered painful electric shock contingent on the self‐destructive behavior. (1) The self‐destructive behavior was immediately suppressed. (2) The behavior recurred when shock was removed. (3) The suppression was selective, both across physical locales and interpersonal situations, as a function of the presence of shock. (4) Generalized effects on other, non‐shock behaviors, appeared in a clinically desirable direction. Finally, a study was reported where self‐destructive behavior increased when certain social attentions were given contingent upon th

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1969.2-143

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present study attempted to examine changes in parental reinforcement value as a function of parental use of timeout and differential attention. Subjects were two children classified by their parents as highly oppositional to parental requests or commands. Results showed that the children's oppositional behavior varied predictably with the presence and absence of parental use of timeout and differential attention. As expected, parental reinforcement value for the children was higher during treatment periods than during baseline periods.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1969.2-159

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The first study investigated a group control procedure for suppression of excessive sound‐intensity levels in a regular public school classroom. Reinforcement consisted of a 2‐min addition to the class gym period and a 2‐min break after maintenance of an unbroken 10‐min quiet period as monitored on a decibel meter. Transgressions of the sound limit (42 decibels) resulted in a delay of reinforcement by the resetting of the timer to the full 10‐min interval. The results indicated that these procedures were highly effective in suppression and control of sound intensities. The second experiment utilized a similar procedure coupled with a procedure of eliminating out‐of‐seat behavior. Experiment III studied the effects of Exp. II procedures on a single student's out‐of‐seat behavior rate. All procedures wer

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1969.2-171

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Techniques of behavior modification were employed with two second‐grade Negro girls in a demonstration school for culturally deprived children to increase the girls' appropriate classroom behaviors. A classification system that provided for continuous categorization of behavior was used to code the children's behavior in two classroom situations. Data were also taken on the type, duration, and frequency of the teachers' verbal interactions. The study included four conditions: Baseline, Modification I, Postmodification, and Modification II. The treatment variable was positive social reinforcement—attention and approval contingent upon desirable classroom behaviors—which was presented, withheld, or withdrawn (timeout from social reinforcement). Withholding of social reinforcement was contingent upon inappropriate attention‐getting behaviors. Timeout from social reinforcement was contingent upon behaviors classified as aggressive and resistive. After 25 days of Modification I, desirable behavior increased markedly for each girl. The teachers were then asked to return to their Baseline level of performance. The resultant behaviors demonstrated that for one girl, behavior was still primarily under the control of the treatment contingencies. For the second child, many desirable behaviors that had increased in frequency during Modification I remained high, but inappropriate behaviors increased. When treatment was reinstated, the amount of time spent in desirable behaviors increased and remained high for both girls. Three checks during the three months following data collection showed that these behaviors continued to rema

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1969.2-181

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The control of toothbrushing behavior by contingency management was studied with eight, 10 to 12‐yr‐old boys at a summer camp for children. This behavior occurred infrequently during baseline conditions with and without verbal instructions to the subjects to brush their teeth. Toothbrushing behavior was maintained at a high level when the behavior was required as a prerequisite for the opportunity to swim (contingency management). When, after 22 days, the contingency arrangement between toothbrushing and swimming was terminated, toothbrushing behavior returned to a low le

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1969.2-195

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Language training procedures, which involved positive reinforcement for verbal imitation, were applied to increase the appropriate verbal behavior of an almost non‐verbal, brain damaged, 5‐yr‐old boy. Two experiments assessed the effectiveness of timeout from positive reinforcement as a training procedure viewed as having potential punishing and negatively reinforcing functions. In both experiments, timein, termination of timeout and resumption of training, was arranged to have reinforcing properties in that it presented an opportunity to receive positive reinforcers. In Exp. I, the procedure consisted of temporarily halting language training (timeout) following verbal jargon and resuming it (timein) contingent upon the boy sitting quietly in his chair for approximately 30 sec. The jargon declined to almost zero for an extended period each time the procedure was employed. In Exp. II, the procedure consisted of halting language training (timeout) after emission of undesired verbal responses which previously had been reinforced as the desired approximation to the target verbal behavior. Resumption of training (timein) was made contingent upon the emission of the then‐desired approximation of the target verbal behavior. In each experiment, the contingent timeout and timein of the language training that involved positive reinforcement effectively reduced the undesired and increased the desired re

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1969.2-199

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A behavioral measurement system was designed around a point economy for a psychiatric ward of delinquent patients. The characteristics of the system were: (1) the records of points earned for appropriate patient behavior formed the primary data. (2) After the points were recorded in a data matrix, graphs were prepared to show the behavior of individual patients, the participation of the patient group in the various ward activities, and an overall index of ward operation. (3) Several techniques were devised for reviewing the graphs so that the ward staff could evaluate the success of their procedures over substantial time periods.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1969.2-207

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Contingency contracting procedures used in managing problems with school‐age children involved analyzing teacher and/or parental reports of behavior problem situations, isolating the most probable contingencies then in effect, the range of reinforcers presently available, and the ways in which they were obtained. The authors prepared written contracts delineating remediative changes in reinforcement contingencies. These contracts specified ways in which the child could obtain existing individualized reinforcers contingent upon approximations to desired appropriate behaviors chosen as incompatible with the referral problem behaviors. Contract procedures were administered by the natural contingency managers, parents and/or teachers, who kept daily records of contracted behaviors and reinforcers. These records were sent to the authors and provided feedback on the progress of the case. Initial results of this procedure have been sufficiently encouraging to warrant recommending an experimental analysis of contingency contracting as a clinical metho

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1969.2-215

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1969.2-221

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY