摘要:

Many authors have reported that the development of programs for producing durable extra‐therapy responding lags behind the development of programs for producing initial behavior change. In Experiment I, responding was recorded continuously in both the therapy and extra‐therapy settings. The results showed that one child did not generalize to the extra‐therapy setting, but that other children did. However, for the children who generalized, extra‐therapy responding was not maintained. Therefore, in Experiment II two variables affecting the durability of extra‐therapy responding were assessed and found to be influential: (a) the use of partial reinforcement schedules in the original treatment environment; and (b) the presence of noncontingent reinforcers in the extra‐therapy environment. The results suggest that there are two distinct parameters of extra‐therapy responding: generalization and maintenance. A technology for producing durable extra‐therapy responding is discussed in terms of different treatment procedures required for different deficits in extra‐t

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1977.10-1

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two treatment tactics, food and praise contingent on appropriate play and varying doses of methylphenidate (Ritalin), were evaluated for their effects on a preschool child's activity changes. In addition, other social, verbal, and academic behaviors were monitored to examine possible side effects of the two treatment tactics. Fewer free‐play activity changes occurred during contingent reinforcement phases while medication had variable effects: increasing attention to tasks but, at higher doses, decreasing intelligibility of speech and responsiveness to mands. The study outlines a replicable model for comparing medication with alternative behavioral strategies to control hyperactivity and enhance skill developmen

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1977.10-13

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Drugversusplacebo effects were contrasted with those of contingency management in the treatment of a hyperactive child. Several criterion behaviors were monitored in two different settings to gauge the breadth and generalizability of drug and behavior‐management effects. Medication and contingency management effects were both found to be situation specific. No interaction effects were found. Accuracy of task performance, amount of eye contact with the experimenters, frequency of repetitive hand movements, and distractible behavior were apparently unaffected by medication (Ritalinversusplacebo) within the clinic. A multiple‐baseline design incorporating contingency reversals revealed the reinforcement contingencies to be the crucial variable controlling behavior within the clinic. Medication effects were shown to be significant within the home setting where reinforcement contingencies were not changed. While aggressive behavior decreased as a function of Ritalin, repetitive hand movements increa

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1977.10-21

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effects of a carefully monitored and increased police patrol on the report of crime were examined in four patrol zones. Overall patrol movement was increased to four times normal levels and slow patrol movement (under 20 mph) to around 30 times normal levels for 10 days. The patrol was active in two zones between 9:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. and in the other two zones between 7:00 p.m. and 3:00 a.m. A multiple‐baseline design and time‐series statistical analyses showed statistically reliable changes in reported levels of Part I crime (such as robbery, burglary, and aggravated assault) during both night patrols, but not in the day patrols. In both night‐patrol zones, there were also reliable increases from saturation patrol to postsaturation patrol in report of Part I crime after the night patrol was terminated. Neither of the day patrols showed significant crime report changes on termination. Despite statistically reliable decreases in report of crime during nighttime hours, the value of saturation patrolling as a crime‐prevention technique was questioned on cost/benefit

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1977.10-33

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The staff and students of a school composed of Grades 1 through 3 participated in a program to increase school attendance. Children earned the opportunity to attend part or all of a monthly party by their attendance. Immediate feedback occurred each morning by placing stars on a classroom chart for each child present. The school's attendance during the program was compared both with attendance during preceding years and with attendance at other schools. The experimental school's attendance improved dramatically to become the best of all elementary schools in the system.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1977.10-41

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The shopping behavior of three elementary school‐age boys was analyzed and parent‐child interactions assessed for one boy and his mother. Estimates of parent or consumer satisfaction with child shopping behavior were also obtained. The effects of a parent‐mediated treatment package on child behavior were assessed using a multiple‐baseline design. Treatment produced significant increases in appropriate shopping behavior in all three children and parents became increasingly satisfied with improved child behavior. Analysis of data for one mother also revealed that her manner of interacting with her child became more p

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1977.10-49

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The study sought to motivate college students to reduce the number of miles they drove each day and thus save gasoline. Students in two psychology classes were divided by class into two groups. The experimental group was offered various combinations of prizes such as cash, a tour of a mental‐health facility, car servicing, and a university parking sticker for reducing driving. The value of the prize received was scaled in terms of per cent reduction in driving. The contrast group received no inducements. The condition in which the experimental group's mileage reduction was reinforced was counterbalanced by two baseline conditions. Several special recording procedures were used to reduce and detect the possibility of subjects altering their odometers, the source of the driving data. Experimental subjects reduced their average daily mileage by 20% relative to the initial baseline; the contrast group did not change. During the one‐month reinforcement condition, the 12 experimental subjects saved some 170 gallons (worth $102) of gasol

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1977.10-61

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A multiple‐baseline design was used to evaluate the effects of a simple modelling procedure on the contingent praise of five counsellors while they conducted hygiene‐training sessions in toothbrushing and hand‐and‐face washing with severely retarded children. After varying numbers of baseline sessions, each counsellor watched a model who conducted a series of toothbrushing sessions, in which he conspicuously praised correct toothbrushing responses and approximations to correct responses. No modelling occurred during hand‐and‐face washing sessions. As a result of several exposures to the model's performance, levels of response‐contingent praise provided by four of the five counsellors during toothbrushing sessions increased sharply over baseline. The levels of counsellor praise showed parallel increases during hand‐and‐face washing sessions. A two‐week followup showed that the levels of praise obtained through modelling were maintained in

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1977.10-75

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A program was designed to teach coin equivalence to mentally retarded adolescents. Coin equivalence was defined as choosing several different combinations of coins to equal specified target values. A pretest‐posttest matched‐groups design was employed with an experimental group receiving the monetary training, and a no‐training control group. A multiple baseline across coin‐counting responses was also incorporated in the experimental group. Training was divided into six stages, each teaching one specific method of combining coins to equal 10 target values from 5¢ through 50¢. A three‐component response chain was used, requiring (a) naming, (b) selecting and counting, and (c) depositing target monetary values into a coin machine. Experimental subjects improved significantly in coin equivalence performance and maintained their skill on follow up tests; control subje

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1977.10-85

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In recent years, the technology of contingency management has been shown to be of increasing value in regular classrooms and public‐school systems with both groups and individual pupils (Ayllon and Roberts,Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1974,7, 71–76; Glynn and Thomas,Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1974,7, 299–306; Lovitt and Curtiss,Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1969,2, 49–53; Lovitt and Smith,Exceptional Children, 1974,40, 357–358; Medland and Stachnik,Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1972,5, 45–51). In addition, established procedures are being systematically replicated across grade levels and differing subject‐matter areas. A series of studies initiated by O'Leary and Becker (Exceptional Children, 1967,33, 637–642) form the basis for the present investigation. The token reinforcement program described by O'Leary and Becker (Exceptional Children, 1967,33, 637–642) was managed by the teacher of an adjustment class and involved 9‐yr‐old children described as emotionally disturbed. An elaborate replication of the 1967 O'Leary and Becker study conducted by O'Leary, Becker, Evans, and Saudargas (Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1969,2, 3–31) with a grade‐two class introduced several variables to examine their separate effects. The authors specified their treatment levels as baseline, classroom rules, educational structure, teacher praise and ignore, token I, withdrawal, token II, and follow‐up. The present research modified the general design of O'Learyet al., (Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1969,2, 3–31) to study how to maintain treatment effects. In the modification, rules were eliminated as a treatment variable because they are frequently associated with aversive practices in the school system, and it was deemed desirable to have mainly a positive orientation. A second difference was that the present subjects were grade‐nine pupils functioning in the regular public‐school system. The six students were older (average age = 16.2) and well behind their peers in achievement. They were considered behavior problems and as potential dropouts by teachers and counsellors. They were not considered to be emotionally disturbed. Finally, procedures designed to maintain behavior change generated by the token system were added. The operant level of unacceptable classroom behavior was obtained for six students receiving an individualized program of instruction in mathematics and science in a nonacademic grade‐nine class in a public junior secondary school. Initially, two conditions (educational structure and praising appropriate behavior while ignoring inappropriate behavior) were introduced successively. Both procedures reduced inappropriate behavior slightly. When a token system, using backup reinforcers readily available in the school, was introduced in conjunction with the initial two conditions, inappropriate responses declined dramatically in all subjects. Withdrawal of the token program for a three‐week period, leaving educational structure and praising and ignoring in effect, increased inappropriate behavior in five of the six subjects. The token program was then re‐introduced in conjunction with contingency contracts. The result was a decline of inappropriate behavior below the mean of the first token condition for all subjects. Tokens were thinned and finally removed toward the end of this condition, leaving teacher praise and attention and the contract system in effect. Data obtained during a four‐week followup indicated that the low level of inappropriate behavior was maintained in all subjects. This extension of the O'Learyet al., (Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1969,2, 3–31) program, designed and implemented by the regular teacher, demonstrates that these procedures may be highly effective within the constraints found in an ordina

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1977.10-93

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY