摘要:

Four second‐grade boys, 2 rated by their classroom teacher as below average and 2 as above average in basic language skills, participated in a 16‐week spelling investigation. The participants alternately received, in counterbalanced order, 5 weeks of an invented spelling approach that incorporated 15‐min creative writing periods and 5 weeks of direct instruction that involved 15‐min periods of guided practice on spelling word lists. At the end of 10 weeks, each condition was replicated for 3 additional weeks. Although direct instruction resulted in more targeted words spelled correctly, invented spelling resulted in more nontargeted words spelled correctly, higher preference ratings by children, and higher teacher ratings of the quality of 3 of the children's writing

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1993.26-281

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Independent descriptive (correlational) and functional (experimental) analyses were conducted to determine the extent to which the two methods would yield data supporting similar conclusions about variables maintaining the self‐injurious behavior (SIB) of 6 subjects. For the descriptive analyses, subjects were observed in their residences and at training sites at various times each day while observers recorded naturally occurring sequences of specified subject and staff behaviors. The subjects also participated in a day program for the assessment and treatment of SIB, in which they were exposed to functional analyses that manipulated potential maintaining variables in multielement designs. Both sets of data were analyzed via conditional probabilities to identify relevant antecedent and consequent events for subjects' SIB. Using outcomes of the experimental analysis as the standard for comparison, results indicated that the descriptive analysis was useful in identifying the extent to which SIB was related to social versus nonsocial contingencies, but was limited in its ability to distinguish between positive and negative reinforcement (i.e., attention versus escape

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1993.26-293

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two studies analyzed the effects of preceding setting events on the problem behavior of students with severe disabilities. Using ABAB withdrawal designs, the occurrence versus nonoccurrence of preceding setting events was analyzed in relation to the frequency of problem behavior. Data were collected throughout a student's school day, with interventions focusing upon the elimination of setting events that occurred before school. The results indicate that (a) the occurrence of preceding setting events was related to higher frequencies of problem behavior and (b) interventions designed to eliminate preceding setting events were consistently associated with low frequencies of problem behavior.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1993.26-321

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Effects of self‐monitoring on‐task behavior, academic productivity, and academic accuracy were assessed with 6 elementary‐school students with learning disabilities in their general education classroom using a mathematics task. Following baseline, the three self‐monitoring conditions were introduced using a multiple schedule design during independent practice sessions. Although all three interventions yielded improvements in either arithmetic productivity, accuracy, or on‐task behavior, self‐monitoring academic productivity or accuracy was generally superior. Differential results were obtained across age groups: fourth graders' mathematics performance improved most when self‐monitoring productivity, whereas sixth graders' performance improved most when self‐moni

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1993.26-329

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We investigated a self‐management intervention package that taught preschoolers with developmental delays to self‐assess performance of targeted skills and to recruit teacher praise. Self‐assessment alone resulted in increases in active engagement across all participants during the training sessions, but generalization to classrooms was sporadic and short‐lived. When recruitment of contingent praise was added to the training package, treatment effects generalized to the participants' classrooms and teachers' rates of contingent praise increased. The implications of combining self‐assessment and recruitment of contingent teacher praise are

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1993.26-345

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three individuals with developmental disabilities participated in a study of the treatment of self‐injurious behavior (SIB) maintained by negative reinforcement (escape from educational tasks). Treatment was implemented in a multiple baseline design across subjects, in which two treatments were compared in a multielement format. Both treatment conditions included an escape‐extinction component in which SIB no longer produced escape. One of the conditions also included a fading component in which the frequency of instructions was initially reduced to zero and then was gradually faded back in across sessions until the instructional rate matched that of the original baseline. Results indicated that extinction alone reduced SIB to the end‐of‐treatment criterion in fewer sessions than did extinction plus fading for all 3 subjects. For 2 of the 3 subjects, however, there was an initial increase in the frequency of SIB at the outset of treatment with extinction (an extinction burst) that was not observed when extinction was combined with the fading co

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1993.26-353

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We examined the effects of rules to govern drinking, individual feedback on blood alcohol concentration (BAC), and public posting of group data on impaired driving on the incidence of impaired driving. Level of impairment was determined from breath samples taken from tavern patrons. Following baseline, an intervention package consisting of (a) cards to guide patrons in pacing their drinking to stay under the legal limit, (b) individual feedback on BAC, and (c) posted group feedback on the percentage of patrons driving while impaired the preceding week was introduced in two taverns. Results indicated that the intervention package did not reduce the percentage of impaired drivers departing either tavern. The addition of a brief intensive police enforcement program directed at impaired driving produced a short‐term reduction in impaired drivin

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1993.26-361

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We examined acquisition of individual social communicative behaviors and generalization across other social behaviors in 2 children with autism. The results of a multiple baseline design showed that the children's treated social behaviors improved rapidly and that there were generalized changes in untreated social behaviors. These improvements were accompanied by increases in subjective ratings of the overall appropriateness of the children's social interactions. The results suggest the possibility of identifying pivotal response classes of social communicative behavior that may facilitate the understanding of social behavior in autism as well as improve peer interactions, social integration, and social development.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1993.26-369

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three intervention packages consisting of (a) enhanced prompts, feedback, and social reinforcement; (b) a lottery; and (c) serving as a confederate were added and removed in sequence as adjacent conditions in an extended withdrawal design to assess their effects on the dietary choices of elderly persons. Participants were 3 elderly residents of an independent living facility who were identified as making consistently poor dietary choices and who had medical conditions that necessitated changes in their eating habits. All 3 participants demonstrated a marked increase in healthy choices of food items in response to the package of enhanced prompts, feedback, and social reinforcement. No additional increase occurred with the introduction of the lottery and serving as a confederate. Food‐choice data indicated that most of these improvements could be attributed to healthier entree and dessert choices. Group data for all residents suggested small improvements in dietary practices during the three intervention conditions, with the largest proportion of the group's healthy choices occurring when the lottery was added to enhanced prompts, feedback, and social reinforcement. Food‐choice data indicated that most of these improvements could be attributed to healthier dessert choices al

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1993.26-379

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three children with autism and mental retardation were treated for deficits in self‐initiated speech. A novel treatment package employing visual cue fading was compared with a graduated time‐delay procedure previously shown to be effective for increasing self‐initiated language. Both treatments included training multiple self‐initiated verbalizations using multiple therapists and settings. Both treatments were efffective, with no differences in measures of acquisition of target phrases, maintenance of behavioral gains, acquisition with additional therapists and settings, and social v

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1993.26-389

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY