摘要:

This study was designed to assess the transfer of treatment gains of autistic children across settings. In the first phase, each of 10 autistic children learned a new behavior in a treatment room and transfer to a novel extra‐therapy setting was assessed. Four of the 10 children showed no transfer to the novel setting. Therefore, in the second phase, each child who failed to transfer participated in an analysis of stimulus control in order to determine the variables influencing the deficit in transfer. Each of the four children who did not transfer were selectively responding to an incidental stimulus during the original training in the treatment room. Utilizing a reversal design, each of the four children responded correctly in the extra‐therapy setting when the stimulus that was functional during training was identified and introduced into the extra‐therapy setting. The extreme selective responding and the resulting bizarre stimulus control found are discussed in relation to the issue of setting generality of treatment

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1975.8-235

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Using audiotaped descriptions of sexual experiences and a direct measure of penile erection, it is possible to specify more precisely erotic cues in sexual deviates. Results indicated that such cues are highly idiosyncratic. Some tentative conclusions and suggested application for the method are discussed.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1975.8-247

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Nursing‐home residents have frequently been characterized as unoccupied and disengaged. At the outset of the present study, most residents were to be found in their own rooms, not exhibiting gross motor behavior or social interaction, and not participating in appropriate activities. To modify residents' levels of participation with the environment, a manipulative area was provided in the lounge. Participation in the lounge averaged 20% on days when the activity was not available, but increased to a mean of 74% on days when equipment and materials were given and residents were prompted to participate. When prompts were withdrawn and materials were available only by request, mean participation fell to 25%. The findings demonstrate that manipulative activities can support a high level of participation with the environment, if residents are prompted to use equipment and material

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1975.8-261

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Fifteen overweight girls aged 5 to 11 yr were randomly assigned to one of two weight‐reduction treatments: response‐cost plus reinforcement, response‐cost only, or a no‐treatment control group. In the response‐cost plus reinforcement group, parents contracted to facilitate their child's weight loss by carrying out reinforcement and stimulus control techniques, completing weekly charts and graphs, and encouraging their child to exercise. The response‐cost only group parents did not contract to reinforce their child's performance. The response‐cost program applied to both experimental groups was conducted in weekly meetings in which parents lost previously deposited sums of money. Twenty‐five per cent was deducted for missing the weekly meeting, 25% for failing to fill out charts and graphs, and 50% if their child failed to meet her specified weekly weight‐loss goal. At the end of the 12‐week treatment period, both experimental groups had lost significantly more weight than the control group. After an eight‐week, no‐contact follow‐up, some of the lost weight was regained. The response‐cost plus reinforcement group was still significantly below the controls. The response‐cost group just missed significance. A 31‐week, no‐contact follow‐up failed to show a treatment effect, but did show a trend towards slower weight gain by the res

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1975.8-269

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effect of nonverbal teacher approval (physical contact in the form of patting approvingly) delivered to target subjects on the attentive behavior of adjacent peers was examined in a special‐education classroom. In a reversal design, two pairs of moderately retarded children were exposed to nonverbal approval, with only one subject in each pair receiving approval. In different phases, nonverbal approval was delivered alone or in conjunction with a verbal prompt directed to the adjacent peer or to the class as a whole. The prompt was designed to make salient the target subject's attentive behavior and the nonverbal reinforcing consequences that followed. Providing contingent nonverbal approval alone consistently altered attentive behavior of the target subjects but did not alter the attentive behavior of adjacent peers. However, accompanying nonverbal approval with a verbal prompt did increase attentive behavior of nonreinforced peer

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1975.8-279

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Attempting to replicate procedures from Achievement Place, token reinforcement procedures were used to modify savings, conversational interruptions, and table‐setting of delinquent boys residing in a home‐style, community based, treatment setting. The tokens (points) were redeemable for various privileges and could be earned for specified appropriate behaviors and lost for specified inappropriate behaviors. Contingent point fines reduced the frequency of interruptions. Point rewards improved table‐setting, but even large point rewards did not substantially increase savings. Baseline data indicated that lateness to dinner was not a problem, as it was in Achievement Place. Withdrawal of contingent points and back‐up rewards did not disrupt the clean‐up behavior of

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1975.8-287

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The need for self‐care by retarded individuals in behaviors such as brushing teeth led to the development and evaluation of a comprehensive toothbrushing program that included a task analysis and training procedure specific to each component of the task analysis. Eight mentally retarded adolescents, in two groups, individually received acquisition training that included scheduled opportunities for independent performances, verbal instruction, modelling, demonstration, and physical assistance. The first group of four subjects received token plus social reinforcement; the second received only social reinforcement. All eight subjects showed improved toothbrushing behaviors when compared to baseline. Six of the eight subjects correctly performed all toothbrushing steps in two of three consecutive sessions. The study emphasizes the need for systematic program development and evaluatio

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1975.8-301

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effect of training on the rate of behavior‐specific praise for two fourth‐grade teachers was investigated within a multiple‐baseline design. Training teachers to identify instances of behavior‐specific praise on videotaped presentations (discrimination training) combined with instructions to use praise, and audiotape recordings of the teachers' classroom interactions as feedback, increased the rates of behavior‐specific praise. However, the effects were restricted to subject‐matter areas in which training wa

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1975.8-311

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three retarded and four economically disadvantaged children were taught, through modelling and reinforcement procedures, to produce complete sentences in response to three types of questions involving changes in verb inflections. To evaluate generalization of training, new but similar questions were periodically asked, answers to which were never modelled or reinforced. Modelling and reinforcement effectively taught correct sentence answers to training questions and produced new sentence answers to questions for which no specific training had been given.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1975.8-321

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In order to examine therapists' discriminative responding to normal and idiosyncratic patient responses, naive subjects were presented with a simulated “patient” for treatment. The subjects were made to believe they were reinforcing normal verbalizations emitted by this patient In fact, they were listening to a tape on which normal and idiosyncratic verbalizations had been recorded. Different probabilities of normal and idiosyncratic “patient” verbalizations could be presented to the subjects by means of a digital programming unit. In one of a number of conditions, the subjects' accurate reinforcing responses were followed by an increased probability of the patient's normal verbalizations. Accurate reinforcing responses emitted by the subjects were brought under the control of normal and idiosyncratic patient responses, by use of contingent feedback, change in patient responding, and monetary reinforcers. When the patient's normal verbalizations increased in probability, so did the subjects' accurate reinforcing responses following the patient's normal verbalizations, and to a lesser degree, the subjects' inaccurate reinforcing responses following the patient's idiosyncratic verbalizations. When the patient's idiosyncratic verbalizations increased in probability, the subjects' accurate and inaccurate reinforcing responses decreased in probability. The clinical implications of these tendencies are di

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1975.8-331

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY