摘要:

The spreading and evaporation rates of liquified natural gas spilled on water are estimated theoretically. Subsequent gravitational spread and heating of the vapor evolved from the spill generates a pancake-shaped cloud in 15 minutes or less. Downwind drift of this ground-level cloud to land areas could result in its ignition and complete combustion.

ISSN:0010-2202    

DOI:10.1080/00102207308952341

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1973

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Radiation from flames of burning Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) has been measured. The burning pool was contained in a trench. A range of burning rates from 13,500 to 40,000 BBL/D of LNG was studied. Measurements were made from ground level, 300 to 600 ft. from flame center and from several elevated points. Measured flux varied from about 60 to 480 Btu/hr/ft2and was compared to the total flux that would be received at a given distance from flame center if the entire heating value of the fuel were converted to radiant energy. An inverse square law of radiation versus distance was shown to hold fairly well. An average of about 12% of total flux was measured at ground level points fairly independent of distance. Elevated measurements showed an increase in radiation as the interior of the trench was viewed. This raised the average measured flux to about 16% of total.

ISSN:0010-2202    

DOI:10.1080/00102207308952342

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1973

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A simple model is presented which can be used to predict the detonation limits of gas mixtures. The model postulates that the energy required to establish a shock travelling at the detonation velocity (calculated from the Chapman-Jouguet theory) equals the chemical energy of the mixture at the detonation limit. This takes no account of the complex behaviour of near limit detonations, which show spin effects and varying velocity. In spite of this lack of realism the model is shown to predict limits in reasonable agreement with the measured values for a range of gas mixtures, including CH4—O2mixtures diluted with N2, or Ar and thirteen fuel-lean hydrocarbon—O2, mixtures. The predictions for fuel-rich hydrocarbon—O2, mixtures were less satisfactory, possibly because chemical equilibrium is too slow to occur in these detonations and H2—O2-diluent detonation limits are more accurately predicted by a criterion based on a fixed shock temperature.

ISSN:0010-2202    

DOI:10.1080/00102207308952343

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1973

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Nitric oxide generation rate and concentration distribution in combustors containing regions of recirculating flow are calculated using a computer program developed for two-dimensional elliptic compressible flows. Two special techniques have been incorporated in the computer program to evaluate nitric oxide. One is the flame finding procedure by which the peak temperature lines, near which most of the nitric oxide is formed and which generally straddle the grid points of a numerical network, are located by double interpolation through local enthalpy and fuel-air composition. The other is the evaluation of nitric oxide formation in a grid volume by considering the temperature variations as well as the average temperature in the volume element. The chemical compositions, except nitric oxide, are assumed to be at local equilibrium. Methane-air equilibrium combustion tables, relating temperature and chemical species such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, and molecular oxygen to fuel-air ratio and enthalpy, are employed. Sample results for the profiles of stream function, swirl velocity, fuel mass fraction, temperature, nitric oxide formation rate, and nitric oxide concentration are presented.

ISSN:0010-2202    

DOI:10.1080/00102207308952344

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1973

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The NO concentration profiles of premixed hydrocarbon-air flames were measured using probe sampling and ultraviolet absorption of NO. The flames were stabilized on a Meker-type burner of 7 cm diameter at a pressure of 1 atm. Investigated fuels were CH4, C2H5, C2H4, C2H2, C3H8,n-C4H10,n-C5H14,i-C8H18, C6H6, C6H12and gasoline. The measurements show the formation of nitric oxide according to the Zeldovich mechanism

ISSN:0010-2202    

DOI:10.1080/00102207308952345

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1973

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A technique of “flame programming” using a refined vertical tube reactor (VTR) has been developed whereby widely separated preignition zones (cool and blue flames, and intermediate dark zones) can be studied and compared. In addition, the reactor is fitted with removable side arms for doping and/or spectroscopic studies. The use of the VTR gives nearly adiabatic, planar reaction zones for the preignition events. This new VTR responds very rapidly to changes in experimental parameters and achieves equilibrium within a few minutes. The flames are stable to within ±0.5 mm over an eight hour period with two stage ignition separations of over 40 cm. Reproducible and point source sampling of the flame zones can be made very precisely with reference to the location of the flames. The “free floating” flame stages show a minimum interaction with the walls and are extremely sensitive to additives.

ISSN:0010-2202    

DOI:10.1080/00102207308952346

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1973

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Experiments performed to investigate the effect of ultrasonic fields on gas diffusion flames show that they can either increase or decrease the amount of flame noise generated. The studies described show that a reduction in flame noise can only be obtained with a single frequency field. The presence of a field composed of more than one frequency results in an increase in flame noise at frequencies related to the beat frequency of the applied signals. Schlieren photographs of the flame indicate a relationship between the position of its transition to turbulence and the character of the applied field.

ISSN:0010-2202    

DOI:10.1080/00102207308952347

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1973

数据来源: Taylor