摘要:

A limited historical account of fire research development in the United States is presented, starting in 1941. Incendiary bomb development activities in World War II are related in some detail. There followed a post-war organization of a Committee on Fire Research, operating under the National Academy of Sciences and the National Research Council. The activity of Dr. Howard Emmons and the author in that Committee, which played a significant role in the creation of the National Bureau of Standards' Center for Fire Research, is recorded. The narrative stops as the Center gets under way.

ISSN:0010-2202    

DOI:10.1080/00102208408923781

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A review was made of research related to fire growth in compartments. Mention is made of the zone and field model approaches that have been used to describe many aspects of compart- ment developing fires. Primarily the review is organized by phenomena associated with com- partment fires. These include fluid mechanic, heat transfer and combustion processes. Each phenomenon is discussed and work is presented to illustrate predictive techniques. Limitations and deficiencies in our understanding are discussed. A previously unavailable analysis of radiative transfer in an enclosure for a two-layer participating gas is also presented.

ISSN:0010-2202    

DOI:10.1080/00102208408923782

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Twenty-seven forced ventilation fire experiments were conducted in the Lawrence Liver-more National Laboratory (LLNL) fire test cell. A wide variety of fuels, ventilation rates and fire strengths were included. Experimental results revealed that "quasi-steady-state" was not reached until approximately 2000 s after ignition. It was found that 80 percent ±5 percent of the heat produced by the fire was deposited in the enclosure walls. Twice the stoichiometric ventilation was required to insure complete combustion of the provided fuel. Selected data was compared with predictions from several computer models and the attributes and difficulties of each are discussed.

ISSN:0010-2202    

DOI:10.1080/00102208408923783

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

In 1982, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission posed a forced-ventilation problem which is described. The algorithm developed for its solution is discussed. This was embedded in the Harvard Mark 5.3 computer code, and predictions then made for the outcome of aseries of experiments carried out at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (see previous paper). Comparisons are made between the predicted and the actual r,esults. Predictions are generally in good agreement with experiment, especially for the volumetric input rate and the CO2and oxygen concentrations. The Morton et al. (1956) virtual point-source plume which we use is shown to be adequate, from the correct predictions of O2and CO2concentrations in the layer. One inadequate feature, however, is the model's consistent underprediction of the peak temperatures reached in the upper layer. This is most readily explained by noting that heating of the floor and of the lower layer have been neglected in the model; they will each lead to increased upper layer temperatures. The pyrolysis rate for the polystyrene pool fire was overestimated; the most likely explanation for the difficulty is that radiation blocking (by pyrolysis gases) has been neglected.

ISSN:0010-2202    

DOI:10.1080/00102208408923784

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Abstract—The spread of hot gases and smoke in an aircraft cabin with and without seats due to a fire located inside the cabin is simulated by a two-dimensional finite-difference field model. Results of calculations based on several scenarios of fire locations and seating configurations show signi- ficant variations in the movement of hot gases and smoke as well as in the temperature and smoke concentration levels in the seating areas.

ISSN:0010-2202    

DOI:10.1080/00102208408923785

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A survey of the characteristics and predictions of the different theoretical models of the spread of flames over the surface of a solid combustible in opposed or concurrent oxidizing flows shows that, at present, there is a good understanding of what are the controlling mechanisms of the flame spread process andl of what is the necessary formulation to develop a rigorous analysis of the phenomenon. It also shows, however, that the problem is very complicated and difficult to solve mathematically particularly if an analytical solution is sought, and that this complexity is what has prevented so far the development of an analysis capable of describing accurately the flame spread process under realistic conditions where material properties, finite rate kinetics, turbulence and radiation effects can determine the characteristics of the process. Although some of the analyses presently available are capable of predicting quantitatively or at least qualitatively rates of flame spread under certain limiting conditions, it appears that the development of a rigorous numerical analysis will be necessary to predict accurately the flame spread process under varied material and environmental conditions.

ISSN:0010-2202    

DOI:10.1080/00102208408923786

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

We present here the results of a study of the buoyant column of air which accompanies a very large fire. In contrast to earlier studies (of smaller fires), we find it necessary to compute the pressure deficit in the plume for use in the significant modification of the classical entrainment rule appropriate for the burning region. Results are given for various levels of the heat release, atmospheric stability, and lateral size.

ISSN:0010-2202    

DOI:10.1080/00102208408923787

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The results of an extensive experimental work conducted on transient three-dimensional fire spread on horizontal surfaces of various woods up to two feet in diameter indicate that flame spread on wood is sensitive to factors both internal and external to the sample. The transport of fuel gases from the burning to the unburned zone presents a new mechanism of flame spread unique to wood. These experiments show that (i) forward radiative heat transfer from the flame is the primary accelerating mechanism, (ii) forward gas phase heat transfer is a local phenomenon independent of fire size, (iii) conduction of heat parallel to the spread surface does not contribute significantly to the flame spread process, (iv) reradiation from the surfaces of wood and char is the primary heat loss mechanism, and (v) energetics due to the desorption of adsorbed moisture has a very noticeable effect on the flame spread process. Using these experin~ental observations and treating flame spread as a continuous ignition process a model to predict transient fire growth on horizontal surfaces of wood is developed. In this model the actual 3-D fire growth process is approximated by a 2-D axisymmetric fire growth. Also, the buoyant turbulent combustion in the gas phase is empirically treated and the sblid phase decomposition process is emphasized. The numerical calculations are in good agreement with the experimental results.

ISSN:0010-2202    

DOI:10.1080/00102208408923788

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0010-2202    

DOI:10.1080/00102208408923789

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A new version of a watercooled and nitrogen-purged fiber-optic absorption probe is described. The probe measures absorption of infrared diode radiation at 0.96 μm by double-pass over a path length of 60 mm. The new design was successful in suppressing thermal expansion effects on optical alignment present in an earlier design.

ISSN:0010-2202    

DOI:10.1080/00102208408923790

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor