摘要:

Disagreement about the role of cigarette smoking in lung cancer is traced to three sources of confusion. In the first, there is lack of agreement as to the definition of terms and what is implied when a specific factor is said to be a cause of a particular disease. A suggested definition is offered to clarify one of the issues causing dissent. The second area of disagreement concerns the method of measuring the strength of the relationship in a 2 × 2 table, and whether the relationship is more pronounced in one disease than another. There is no solution to this problem until the specific question to be answered is stated in detail. Slightly different questions can lead to radically different answers. The third area involves the making of decisions and the subsequent formulation of actions based upon existing data. In the present context, four specific action-type decisions are involved and the corresponding relative weight of evidence which is needed to substantiate each of them is considered.

ISSN:0162-1459    

DOI:10.1080/01621459.1969.10501009

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1969

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

An adaptive procedure for sequential clinical trials is considered, in which an increasing proportion of patients is assigned to the better of two treatments as evidence for it accumulates. The procedure considered is a multi-stage application of an optimum two-stage procedure. In the first stage of the two-stage procedure patients are assigned to each of two treatments and in the second all are assigned to the apparently better of the two treatments. The optimum two-stage procedure is one in which the proportions assigned to each of the treatments in the first stage, 2pθ and 2p(1 — θ), are such as to minimize a certain natural cost function, which depends on information available before the first stage and on the total number of patients to be treated. Multi-Stage application consists of recalculating the optimum two-stage θ at each point in the sequential stream of patients and interpreting it as the proportion of the next “small” batch of patients to be assigned to treatment 1. This multi-stage procedure is not optimum but does lead to lower costs than the optimum two-stage procedure.

ISSN:0162-1459    

DOI:10.1080/01621459.1969.10501010

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1969

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The development of a statistically adequate set of construction price indexes is the goal of a research effort recently instituted at the Bureau of the Census. This paper describes research done to date on price indexes for single-family houses and indicates plans for future research. Using data from the Bureau's Housing Sales Survey, indexes of the price of new one-family houses sold (including value of site) have been computed by determining the most important characteristics of these houses and estimating, by regression analysis, the price change in houses with a constant “mix” of these characteristics.

ISSN:0162-1459    

DOI:10.1080/01621459.1969.10501011

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1969

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A methodology for estimating a state's gross state product (GSP) from primary data sources is presented and applied to Ohio. The social accounts for estimatingGSPare used as a skeletal framework orf building a 27 equation econometric model of Ohio. The model is essentially an interdependent system consisting of behavioral equations in the following sectors: consumer, investment, state fiscal, output and personal income, and federal income tax. The sample period for most of the equations is 1949–1963.

ISSN:0162-1459    

DOI:10.1080/01621459.1969.10501012

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1969

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Factor analysis has been traditionally utilized for three broad purposes: First, as a data reduction technique which will hopefully simplify a multivariate situation to a smaller set of dimensions and enable the researcher to utilize data on a large number of variables; second, as an indexing device in which overtly manifested data are transformed to provide the latent or unobservable trait of a phenomenon; finally, as a cluster technique which helps the researcher to classify a variety of observations into a small set of clusters which are also generally ordered. All three approaches have used a common starting point, namely, a matrix of correlations either among the variables (Rtype factor analysis) or among the observations (Qtype factor analysis). In other words, factor analysis has been limited to associative relations.

ISSN:0162-1459    

DOI:10.1080/01621459.1969.10501013

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1969

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The purpose of this paper is to present an easily applied test useful in determining whether or not a supplier's data have been truncated. The proposed test has the following desirable properties: (i) it is the uniformly most powerful rank test, (ii) it is asymptotically uniformly most powerful, (iii) power computations can easily be made for arbitrary sample sizes, formulas for such computations being given in the paper. Although formulated in the context of verifying a supplier's data, the test can be applied to other situations in which false representation of data in the form of truncation is important. Such is the case, for example, in reliability demonstrations or legal suits involving physical measurements.

ISSN:0162-1459    

DOI:10.1080/01621459.1969.10501014

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1969

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A superpopulation model is proposed for two-stage sampling from a finite population and we consider the problem of estimating a linear function of the finite population elements. We find the estimate with smallest mean squared error among linear estimates with bounded mean squared error without any assumption about the form of the super-population distribution. If the superpopulation is assumed to be normal this estimate is the mean of the posterior distribution. The estimate is compared with standard results for the special case of the finite population mean.

ISSN:0162-1459    

DOI:10.1080/01621459.1969.10501015

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1969

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A new solution to the problem of variance estimation with one unit per stratum is presented. This method may lead to smaller bias in variance estimation, in many situations, than the methods of ‘collapsed strata’. It requires that we can associate with the strata concomitant variables which are correlated with the strata means. Several numerical examples with one or two concomitant variables are considered.

ISSN:0162-1459    

DOI:10.1080/01621459.1969.10501016

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1969

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The effects of non-sampling errors on measures of association in 2 × 2 contingency tables are evaluated by the application of models due to the U. S. Bureau of the Census. This is achieved by first expressing the appropriate sample estimates in the form of Taylor series approximations involving cell probabilities, and then applying the model in a term by term fashion. In this way, the relative effects of sampling errors and response errors on the variability of an estimated measure of association may be interpreted in terms of a sampling variance component and a response variance component. Finally, some indication is given as to how re-survey information can be used to estimate these quantities.

ISSN:0162-1459    

DOI:10.1080/01621459.1969.10501017

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1969

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

In a previous paper [4] an estimate of the 4-variate product moment

ISSN:0162-1459    

DOI:10.1080/01621459.1969.10501018

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1969

数据来源: Taylor