摘要:

The first part of this article discusses the effort made by each state to provide the opportunity of a college education for its residents. Based on the per cent of the college age population that study at an institution of higher learning within their state, Utah, Arizona, North Dakota, Kansas, and Montana rank as the national leaders. The second section develops a number of criteria which are used to rank graduate schools in the United States.

ISSN:0162-1459    

DOI:10.1080/01621459.1965.10480771

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1965

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A two-parameter model for representing the survival curve of treated cancer patients is described. IfPTis the proportion of the treated patients surviving to timeT, and[Ptilde]Tis the proportion of a normal population surviving to timeTthen the survival curve may be represented by: —PT/[Ptilde]T= c.e-logec,e-βT, wherecis the proportion cured and β is the asymptotic value asTapproaches ∞ of the instantaneous risk of dying from cancer in the uncured group. The model stems from the observation that, in the whole series, the conditional probability of dying from cancer in an interval calculated by the usual actuarial method, tends to decrease exponentially with time, and the model has been designated ‘extrapolated actuarial’ to distinguish it from the lognormal model of Boag [2], and the exponential model of Berkson and Gage [1].

ISSN:0162-1459    

DOI:10.1080/01621459.1965.10480772

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1965

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The use of simulation, as a technique for attacking difficult problems, has increased greatly with the availability of the digital computer. This is illustrated by the large number of references in Shubik's (1960) bibliography2and in the large number of studies published since then. Simulation is essentially an extension of a technique known as empirical sampling, or distribution sampling, which has been used in the field of statistics for many years. The limitations of the technique, which are well known to statisticians, are apparently not as well known, or at least not as well recognized, by those using simulation today.

ISSN:0162-1459    

DOI:10.1080/01621459.1965.10480773

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1965

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The posterior distribution for parameters of a data distribution is usually the major objective of a Bayesian statistical analysis. Relatively little attention has been given to the fact that either a prior or a posterior distribution implies a marginal distribution, which may be called a “predictive distribution,” for outcomes of any sample not yet observed. Predictive distributions have been mainly applied to design problems, such as determination of optimal sample size. In this paper tentative suggestions are made for applications to statistical inference, especially problems of appropriateness, selection, interpretation, and validation of formal models.

ISSN:0162-1459    

DOI:10.1080/01621459.1965.10480774

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1965

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

For various reasons individuals in a sample survey may prefer not to confide to the interviewer the correct answers to certain questions. In such cases the individuals may elect not to reply at all or to reply with incorrect answers. The resulting evasive answer bias is ordinarily difficult to assess. In this paper it is argued that such bias is potentially removable through allowing the interviewee to maintain privacy through the device of randomizing his response. A randomized response method for estimating a population proportion is presented as an example. Unbiased maximum likelihood estimates are obtained and their mean square errors are compared with the mean square errors of conventional estimates under various assumptions about the underlying population.

ISSN:0162-1459    

DOI:10.1080/01621459.1965.10480775

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1965

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This paper considers some problems in the probabilistic analysis of physical evidence in criminal investigations. Two basic assumptions are made: (1) That the number of persons or objects possessing a particular set of properties can be considered as a random variable, and (2) that it is possible to estimate the probability function of this random variable. Two models (one with and one without the assumption that the suspect is a random selection from the set of possible suspects) which are applicable to the evaluation ofpartial transfer evidence—an important category of physical evidence that is found in most criminal investigations—are developed. A detailed analysis of the models and an example are presented for the case when the estimated probability distribution is binomial with an expected value less than 1. As the expected value becomes smaller, the assumption of randomness in the selection of the suspect becomes immaterial to the evaluation of the evidential significance.

ISSN:0162-1459    

DOI:10.1080/01621459.1965.10480776

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1965

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A Bayesian logical probability approach is described and its advantages with respect to constructing prior distributions for Bayesian analyses are discussed. Some standard Bayesian distribution theory for categorized data is summarized. Data from an on-going experiment to compare the relative efficacy of four operative treatments for ulcer are used both to pinpoint some of the practical problems involved in clinical trials and to demonstrate the usefulness of Bayesian inference methods when facing these problems.

ISSN:0162-1459    

DOI:10.1080/01621459.1965.10480777

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1965

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The need for data compression, a consequence of the demands made on the telemetry system of a space vehicle, prompts consideration of the use of sample quantiles in estimating population parameters and obtaining tests of goodness of fit for large samples. In this paper optimal unbiased estimators of the mean and standard deviation are given using up to twenty quantiles when the parent population is normal. Moreover, the estimators are relatively insensitive to deviations from normality. A distribution-free goodness-of-fit test is presented based on the sum of the squares of four quantiles after an orthogonal transformation to independent normal deviates. If a frequency function is of the formf(x; p) =pf1(x) + (1 -p)f2(x), 0 <p< 1, wheref1andf2are normal frequency functions, the distribution is likely to be bimodal. Another goodness-of-fit test is obtained using four quantiles, which is likely to have considerable power with a null hypothesis of normality and the alternative hypothesis of bimodality. The “data compression ratios” obtained with the use of a quantile system can be on the order of 100 to 1.

ISSN:0162-1459    

DOI:10.1080/01621459.1965.10480778

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1965

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

In the case of moving average schemes or what are termed them-dependent stochastic processes, the successive observations in the series are not stochastically independent. As a result, the usual sign test, the test based on the rank correlation τ (for randomness against trend alternatives), and the test proposed by Moore and Wallis [9] and further developed by Goodman and Grunfeld [2] (for the comovement between two time series) are not valid and require some modifications. Accordingly, the modified forms of these non-parametric tests are studied here in detail, and their applications considered.

ISSN:0162-1459    

DOI:10.1080/01621459.1965.10480779

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1965

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The extent to which response and nonresponse errors occur in the reporting of time deposits is investigated in two consumer financial surveys. The findings point not only to substantial errors in estimates of the means and size distributions of accounts in such surveys, but also suggest that confidence intervals computed from such data are badly distorted. Many different factors appear to be associated with these errors, including the questionnaire approach as well as respondent characteristics.

ISSN:0162-1459    

DOI:10.1080/01621459.1965.10480780

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1965

数据来源: Taylor