ISSN:0162-1459    

DOI:10.1080/01621459.1960.10482045

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1960

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Our 1960 population census will procure the first nationwide data on place of work and method of travel to work. In view of the widespread theoretical and practical interest in commuting, serious consideration must be given to the types of research for which these new data will be appropriate, and to alternative sources of information. This paper compares and contrasts census data on commuting with the information derivable from traffic studies and management records. It illustrates their uses and weighs the relative merits of the three sources for different types of study, and shows that each source has a relatively unique research utility.

ISSN:0162-1459    

DOI:10.1080/01621459.1960.10482046

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1960

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The problems of improvising with inadequate data are not new to most researchers, but this paper treats these problems in the context of microeconomic research in an underdeveloped area. The paper presents the detailed procedures used to process primary data secured from a sample of farm families in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Essentially a descriptive case study, the paper highlights the difficulties of estimation and imputation encountered in the preparation of a series of indexes of agricultural output and input. The results are particularly designed for researchers who plan to undertake studies of agricultural economic problems in underdeveloped areas.

ISSN:0162-1459    

DOI:10.1080/01621459.1960.10482047

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1960

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This paper explores statistical contributions of eleven outstanding British statisticians of the nineteenth, century. They are Playfair, Porter, Babbage, Farr, Guy, Newmarch, Jevons, Rawson, Galton, Giffen, and Edgeworth. This treatment represents one aspect of British statistical thought not previously developed.

ISSN:0162-1459    

DOI:10.1080/01621459.1960.10482048

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1960

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Labor force data must be evaluated in the light of historical evidence about changes in census procedures and in the social context of enumerations. Net growth of the female labor force from 1890 to 1950 was much less than census data indicate. Reported growth was augmented by broadening of census definitions, improvement of procedures, wider awareness of women's employment, increasing willingness to report women's work, and the shift from self-employment and homework to wage and salary employment away from home. Internal checks and comparisons with other enumerations suggest serious undercount of women workers by earlier censuses. The best approach to the trend data is to abandon the uncertain early totals and concentrate on sifting out the more reliable details.

ISSN:0162-1459    

DOI:10.1080/01621459.1960.10482049

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1960

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Along which paths should experimental statistics develop? By recognizing the selection of an “experimental design” as the selection of a pattern, as only a small part of designing an experiment. By developing further the possibilities of restricted randomization. By learning to consciously balance bias and variability, especially in regression situations. By developing experimental patterns, such as pieces of mixed factorials, which provide desired properties at far lower cost and by using estimates of only 90–95% efficiency. By recognizing the effect of distinct aims in diversifying well-chosen methods. By looking to new sources of stimulation, such as experiments involving very many factors, problems of tolerance design and application, and those statistical techniques really appropriate to research. By looking more and more frequently at broader canvas, considering investigations rather than single experiments.

ISSN:0162-1459    

DOI:10.1080/01621459.1960.10482050

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1960

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

For samples from normal populations with unknown means and unknown common standard deviation, but where an upper bound to the standard deviation is known, tests based on the normal distribution (when dealing with one population) and on the Chi-square distribution (when dealing with several populations) are suggested as alternatives to, respectively, thet-test and theF-test. The tests suggested use the upper bound to the standard deviation in place of the sample estimate. Although the tests suggested have a smaller first kind of error, their power can, under certain conditions, exceed the power of the standardt-test andF-test.

ISSN:0162-1459    

DOI:10.1080/01621459.1960.10482051

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1960

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

One may encounter populations for which there are two effective stratifying criteria, both of which are desirable in a sample design. However, the number of permitted observations may be less than the number of strata formed by the usual double stratification technique. A method which will permit estimation in these cases is presented. Both biased and unbiased estimators are considered. It is shown that if the stratification effects are additive in the analysis-of-variance sense the method is particularly effective. Also, if the substrata sizes (formed from the two-way classification of the population according to the stratifying criteria) are proportional to the product of the corresponding one-way strata sizes, the possible loss in efficiency compared to single stratification is trivial. Even in populations in which substrata disproportion is great one can still use the method effectively by employing a method of allocating, with certainty, some of the sample observations to the substrata. Variances of both biased and unbiased estimators are given, along with a method for obtaining essentially unbiased estimates of the variances.

ISSN:0162-1459    

DOI:10.1080/01621459.1960.10482052

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1960

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A two-sample non-parametric significance test for censored samples is presented. The null hypothesis considered is that the two samples are from the same population. Tables of lower 5% and 1% points of the test statistic are given for both sample sizes ≦8 and various degrees of censoring. The asymptotic distribution of the test statistic under the null hypothesis is derived and numerical comparisons are given which indicate the asymptotic theory is adequate outside the range of the table providing no more than about 75% of the total observations of the two samples are censored. The test is shown to be consistnet against an alternative which, for example, includes the case of sampling from two normal populations with different means.

ISSN:0162-1459    

DOI:10.1080/01621459.1960.10482053

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1960

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Errors in observing and reporting sample data often complicate the problem of estimating parameters of the distribution being sampled. If neglected, such errors may lead to seriously biased estimates. There exits a large general class of such estimation problems involving numerous different distributions, different types and varying degrees of observational errors. This paper is limited, however, to maximum likelihood estimation in a Poisson distribution which has been modified to the extent that a proportion θ of the ones are reported as being zeros. An inspector who sometimes fails to see or at least fails to report items containing only a single Poisson distributed defect, while correctly observing and reporting results of inspecting items containing two or more defects, produces sample data of the type under consideration. Estimators are derived both for the Poisson parameter and for θ. Asymptotic variances and covariances are derived and an illustrative example is included.

ISSN:0162-1459    

DOI:10.1080/01621459.1960.10482054

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1960

数据来源: Taylor