摘要:

Abstract.The literature relating to the attraction of the sheep blowfliesLucilia sericataandLucilia cuprinato their ovine hosts is reviewed. The responses of the two species are similar and different components of the behaviour leading to host location and oviposition appear to involve at least two distinct sets of semiochemical cues. Activation, upwind orientation and landing appear to occur in response to putrefactive sulphur‐rich volatiles, originating from bacterial decomposition products. Oviposition is elicited primarily by the presence of ammonia‐rich compounds; moisture, pheromones and tactile stimuli may also act as oviposition stimuli. There is a pronounced sex difference in the response ofLuciliato semiochemicals with a higher proportion of females attracted than males and a higher proportion of gravid than non‐gravid females. While the mechanisms of host location byLuciliaare of intrinsic interest, understanding the responses to semiochemicals is important in the attempt to develop powerful synthetic baits for deployment with the traps or targets used for population sampling or suppression. The literature is discussed with respect to the development of synthetic semiochemical

ISSN:0269-283X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1994.tb00093.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.The larva, nymph, and female ofIxodes (Ixodes) venezuelensisare diagnosed using scanning electron microscopy, and the larva is described for the first time. This ixodid tick is recorded from the northern neotropics as a parasite of five species of didelphid marsupials and eighteen species of rodents (one sciurid, two heteromyids, eleven murids, two dasyproctids, and two echimyids). Collection records ofI. venezuelensisare presented for Costa Rica, Colombia, Panama and Venezuela, with the Costa Rican records being new and extending the known range of this tick by at least 300 km. Altitudinally,I. venezuelensishas been collected between elevations of 24 and 2410 m with most collections between 100 and 800m. The possibility thatI. venezuelensismay be partheno‐genetic is discusse

ISSN:0269-283X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1994.tb00094.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.An entomological survey was undertaken from January 1991 to February 1992 in El Ingenio, Miranda State, Venezuela, an endemic area of cutaneous leishmaniasis: prevalence of 10.7 cases per 100,000 inhabitants.A total of 4863 female sandflies (Phlebotominae) of fourteen species were collected in Shannon traps, then dissected and examined for leishmanial infections.Lutzomyia ovallesi(85.4%) andLu. gomezl(11.2%) were the predominant anthropophilic species of sandfly. Fifty‐one (1.19%)Lu. ovallesiand two(0.47%)Lu. gomezihad natural infection withLeishmaniapromastigotes. Identification of the parasites was done by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA hybridization. Two isolates fromLu. gomeziand forty‐nine fromLu. ovallesiwere typed asLeishmania braziliensisand three of the latter reacted withLe. mexicanaalso. This is the first report ofLu. gomeziwith parasites typed asLe. braziliensis.We concluded thatLu. ovallesiis the primary vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the north‐central area of Venezuela andLu. gomezishould be regarded as an additional v

ISSN:0269-283X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1994.tb00095.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.Hosts ofLutzomyia shannoniDyar, a suspected biological vector of the New Jersey serotype of vesicular stomatitis (VSNJ) virus, were determined using an indirect enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of 333 blood‐fed female sandflies collected from their diurnal resting shelters on Ossabaw Island, Georgia, U.S.A. Sandflies had fed primarily on white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) (81%) and to a lesser extent on feral swine (Sus scrofa) (16%), two species of host infected annually with VSNJ. Other hosts were raccoons (Procyon lotor) and horses (Equus caballus) or donkeys (E. asinus), with only two (<1%) mixed bloodmeals from deer/raccoon and deer/swine. A larger proportion of feedings on feral swine was detected in maritime live oak forests than in mixed hardwood forests. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis thatL. shannoniis a primary vector of VSNJ virus on Ossabaw I

ISSN:0269-283X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1994.tb00096.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.Four sampling methods were compared to determine their practicality and suitability for detecting population fluctuations of adultDrosophila repleta,a pest in caged‐layer poultry houses. Five caged‐layer poultry houses with gutter‐flush manure removal systems in Franklin County, North Carolina, U.S.A., were sampled once every 2 weeks over 15 months, from June 1991 to August 1992. The flies were most abundant during the spring and early summer. Visual counts of adult flies resting on the feed troughs in front of cages in the aisles and counts of flies caught on a sticky ribbon lowered into the gutter used for manure removal by flushing were more satisfactory sampling methods than using counts of flies caught on sticky ribbons carried along the aisles or aspirator collections from the gutters. For the visual count method, the effects of location in the house, within each aisle, and feed trough height were determined; two counts on feed troughs in each of two inside rows of cages were sufficient to measure population changes. For routine monitoring ofD. repletapopulations, visual counts of flies resting on the feed troughs in the front area of two aisles and catching flies on sticky ribbons inserted into the rear gutter area are recomm

ISSN:0269-283X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1994.tb00097.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.Four species within theAnopheles punctulatusgroup of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) were identified by allozyme analysis of samples collected from thirty‐three localities in Guadalcanal, Makira, Malaita, Temotu and Western Provinces in the Solomon Islands and six localities on Efate, Espiritu Santo, Maewo and Malekula Islands in Vanuatu. Three of these species are members of theAn. farauticomplex. A key is given to identify five species of theAn. punctulatusgroup known to occur in the Solomon Islands using their isoenzyme characteristics.An. farautiNo. 1 was widespread in coastal areas of the Solomon Islands and was the only species detected in Vanuatu, including Efate Island (where Faureville is the type locality ofAn. farautiLaveransensu stricto). An. farautiNo. 2 andAn. punctulatuswere common in the Solomon Islands in more inland areas.An. farautiNo. 7, reported here for the first time, was found as larvae in freshwater at six localities on north Guadalcanal. Three other members of theAn. punctulatusgroup which have been reported previously from the Solomon Islands:An. koliensis, An. renellensisand an electrophoretic variant ofAn. farauti sensu lato,were not found in our samples.Previously recognized vectors of malaria and bancroftian filariasis in the Solomon Islands areAn. farautiNo. 1 (i.e.An. farauti s.s.),An. koliensisandAn. punctulatus s. s.Adult females ofAn. farautiNo. 2 andAn. farautiNo. 7 were not attracted to human bait in areas where their larvae occurred, indicating that these two species are not anthropophilic and therefore unlikely to transmit human pathogen

ISSN:0269-283X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1994.tb00098.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.Eight sets of previously published data on the seasonal abundance of the tickRhipicephalus appendiculatusin Burundi, Uganda, Tanzania and Zimbabwe are analysed to yield seasonal mortality indices. Correlations between these indices and abiotic (climatic) and biotic (tick density) variables suggest that it is the stage from females to larvae that is most sensitive to adverse abiotic conditions, specifically low moisture availability. Mortality at the other stages of the tick's life cycle is strongly density‐dependent. The precise nature of this density‐dependence suggests that it may be caused by acquired resistance to ticks by cattle. Robust correlations between satellite‐derived vegetation indices, climatic factors and mortality indices suggest that detailed climatic data, often unavailable, may be replaced by satellite data, now widely available, for use in modelling tick popula

ISSN:0269-283X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1994.tb00099.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.TeneralGlossina morsitans centralisandG. brevipalpiswere fedin vitroupon medium containing procyclicTrypanosoma brucei bruceiderived from the midguts ofG. m. centralisorG. brevipalpiswhich had immature trypanosome infections. The tsetse were then maintained on rabbits and, on day 31, were dissected to determine the infection rates. InG. m. centralisthe midgut and salivary gland infection rates byT. b. bruceiwere 46.0% and 27.0% with procyclic trypanosomes fromG. m. centralis, and 45.4% and 24.7% with procyclic trypanosomes fromG. brevipalpis, respectively. InG. brevipalpisthe rates were 20.2% and 0.0% with procyclic trypanosomes fromG. m. centralis, and 28.0% and 0.0% with procyclic trypanosomes fromG. brevipalpis, respectively. TeneralG. m. centralisandG. brevipalpiswere also fed similarly upon procyclicT. b. bruceiderived fromG.m.centralisorG. brevipalpison day 31 of infection, the former tsetse species had mature infections while the latter were without infections in the salivary glands. InG.m.centralisthe infection rates in the midgut and salivary glands were 48.9% and 17.0%, and 38.0% and 17.0% when fed on procyclic trypanosomes fromG.m.centralisandG. brevipalpis, respectively. InG. brevipalpisthe rates were 21.5% and 0.0%, and 10.7% and 0.0% with procyclic trypanosomes ofG.m.centralisandG. brevipalpisorigin, respectively. Thus, procyclicT. b. bruceifrom susceptibleG.m.centraliscould not complete cyclical development in refractoryG. brevipalpis, whereas those fromG. brevipalpisdeveloped to metatrypanosomes in the salivary glands ofG.m.centralis. Teneral and 15‐day‐old non‐teneralG.m.centraliswere fedin vitroupon heparinized goat's blood containingT. b. bruceibloodstream trypomastigotes, or upon medium containing procyclicT. b. bruceiderived fromG.m.centraliswith mature infections. On day 31 their infection rates were determined. The infection rates byT. b. bruceiin the midgut and salivary glands ofG.m.centralisfed on the infected blood were 70.4% and 40.4% when fed as teneral tsetse, as against 15.3% and 4.0% when fed as non‐teneral tsetse. Those tsetse which were fed on the medium containing procyclic trypanosomes showed rates of 50.0% and 25.6%, as against 11.6% and 2.5%, respectively. It would appear, therefore, that maturation ofT. b. bruceiin tsetse is probably not determined simply by an interaction between lectin and procyclic trypanosomes in the midgut of non‐teneral tsetse, but it is the result of a complex interaction between many interrelated physiological factors of both the trypanosome and the tset

ISSN:0269-283X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1994.tb00100.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.Male and femaleLutzomyia longipalpissandflies showed attraction to human skin emanations placed on warmed glass Petri dishes. Unfed virgin females were more strongly attracted than males, which also showed attraction. Four human subjects were tested and significant variation was found between the numbers of sandflies attracted to their skin emanations. This suggests that some individuals were more attractive than others. There was a significant difference between the response shown by sandflies from the Jacobina and Lapinha regions of Brazil, suggesting that sandflies from the Jacobina region were more anthropophilic. In addition, sandflies from Jacobina had a significantly higher level of activity than those from Lapinha. The role of sandfly attraction to humans as a risk factor inLeishmaniatransmission is considered.

ISSN:0269-283X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1994.tb00101.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0269-283X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1994.tb00102.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY