摘要:

Abstract.DNA fingerprinting should permit the identification of individual human hosts of haematophagous arthropods, providing epidemi‐ologically useful information, for example, the biting rates on different people and the impact of insecticide‐impregnated bednets.Investigations reported here demonstrate that it is possible to extract, amplify and fingerprint human DNA from the bloodmeals of individual femaleAnopheles gambiaemosquitoes kept at 24oC for up to 10–15 h post‐in

ISSN:0269-283X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1990.tb00452.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.A nonradiometric method has been developed for distinguishing between the sibling speciesAnopheles gambiaeGiles andAn.arabiensisPatton, two important Afrotropical vectors of malaria. DNA fragments of species diagnostic length are amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from a small amount of unknown DNA and three different PCR primers. All three PCR primers are based on ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences. A universal plus‐strand primer (A0) is derived from a conserved region at the 3' end of the 28S rDNA coding region. Two species‐specific minus‐strand primers (Aa05and Ag1 3) are derived from sequences in the intergenic spacers. The Ag13sequence is approximately 1.3 kb downstream of A0; the Aa05sequence is about 0.5 kb downstream of A0. When mosquito DNA is amplified in the presence of all three primers, a 1.3 kb fragment is produced ifAn.gambiaeDNA is used as template, and a 0.5 kb fragment is produced ifAn.arabiensisDNA is used. Amplification of DNA fromAn. gambiae I An.arabiensishybrids produces both the 1.3 kb and the 0.5 kb fragments. Neither diagnostic fragment is produced when DNA from other species in theAn.gambiaecomplex is used as tem

ISSN:0269-283X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1990.tb00453.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.Nine species ofCulicoideswere aspirated from horses in Florida during the second phase of a study of equineCulicoideshypersensitivity (CHS). Approximately 90% of the 2933 midges wereCulicoides insignisLutz, 4% wereC.stellifer(Coquillett), 3% wereC.nigerRoot and Hoffman, 2% wereC.alachuaJamnback and Wirth and the remaining 1% includedC.venustusHoffman,C.scanloniWirth and Hubert,C.lahilleiIches(=C.debitipalpisLutz),C.pusillusLutz, andC.edeniWirth and Blanton.Culicoideswere sampled on seven farms located throughout Florida. The location and seasonality of lesion development on horses with CHS correlated with theCulicoidesspp. collected directly from the horses as to their sites of attack, their seasonality and geographical distribution.

ISSN:0269-283X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1990.tb00454.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.Various combinations of six candidate attractants ‐butanone, carbon dioxide (CO2), honey, octenol, lactic acid and mixed phenols ‐ were tested against natural populations of mosquitoes in Everglades National Park, Florida, U.S.A., using unlighted CDC‐baited traps. With few exceptions, the attractancy of these candidate compounds to mosquitoes, when used alone, was less than that of CO2alone. The exceptions were that octenol and honey extract alone attracted larger numbers ofCoquillettidiaperturbans(Walker). Addition of lactic acid and/or octenol to CO2 increased trap collections ofAedes taeniorhynchus(Wiedemann),Anopheles atroposD.&K., andAn. cruciansWiedemann by 1.4–13.8 times.Culex nigripalpusTheobald collections were increased 2.7 times by the addition of lactic acid, while the addition of octenol produced mixed results. Whereas the addition of lactic acid reduced collections ofCx (Melanoconion)spp., the addition of octenol generally increased collections. The opposite happened forWyeomyia mitchellii(Theobald). For the biting midge,Culicoides furens(Poey), octenol (1.6–23.4X) and phenol (2.7x) alone attracted larger numbers, and lactic acid alone attracted approximately the same numbers as CO2alone. The combinations octenol + phenol and octenol + 200 ml/min CO2increasedC.furenscollections c. 100 times over CO1alone. The combination of octenol + CO2increased (1.6x) collections of the tabanidDiachlorus ferrugatus(Fabricius). Butanone appeared to decrease the trap collections of all species when combined with CO2or octe

ISSN:0269-283X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1990.tb00455.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.Four biorational larvicide formulations: Teknar®(B.t.i.), Arosurf ® MSF (Monomolecular Surface Film), Arosurf MSF combined with Teknar, and SAN‐809‐I ([s]‐methoprene combined withB.t.i.), were evaluated against naturally occurring populations of the malaria vector mosquitoAnopheles albimanusWiedemann in Honduras. All formulations reduced the mean number of larvae per sample area to 0 within 48 h after treatment, and gave significant (P<0.05) control when compared with similar untreated areas for at least 10 days after treatment. It is concluded that each of these four formulations can be used effectively to control the larvae ofAn.albimanusin H

ISSN:0269-283X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1990.tb00456.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.The activity and resting behaviour of resistant and susceptibleAnopheles stephensiListon were recorded in acoustic actograph chambers lined with residual deposits of malathion, dieldrin or γHCH. In γHCH‐treated flight chambers, SS and RS mosquitoes became active only after picking up lethal doses of insecticide, which explains why few SS and RS mosquitoes survive release into γHCH‐treated experimental huts. Similar results were obtained in flight chambers treated with dieldrin; however, more mosquitoes would be expected to survive dieldrin under field conditions because resistance to this insecticide is greater than to γHCH. Mosquitoes in contact with malathion showed a three‐phase activity pattern: an initial active phase, an inactive phase, and hyper‐activity/convulsions. Initial activity or irritability was especially pronounced in SS and RS but absent in RR mosquitoes. Whether or not irritability would protect RS mosquitoes from malathion would probably depend on the ratio of sprayed to unsprayed surfaces in t

ISSN:0269-283X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1990.tb00457.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.Two chromosomal forms (E and F) of theAnopheles maculatusTheobald complex were distinguished by gas–liquid chromatographic (GC) analysis of cuticular lipids in association with a multivariate principal component analysis. The GC chromatogram obtained from n‐hexane extracts of individual specimens showed no consistent qualitative differences in normalized peak areas between forms. Of the seventeen consistent peaks, five were found to be quantitatively different between forms at a high (99.5–99.95%) level of statistical confidence. Relative ratios of these five quantitatively different GC peaks were used as criteria to distinguish single specimens as either form E or form F.Chemical structures of the five GC peaks were assigned by both electron impact and chemical ionization gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. The first three peaks, which were always doublets, were partially resolved saturated and mono‐unsaturated free fatty acids; the other two peaks were n‐alkanes. Principal component analysis substantiated that the vector form E has very similar cuticular lipid profiles and is well separated from the non‐ve

ISSN:0269-283X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1990.tb00458.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.To determine whether the pattern of engorgement ofIxodes hexagonusLeach (Acarina: Ixodidae) in Central Europe may influence host specificity, the host relationships of the sub‐adult stages of this tick were examined and the time of detachment compared with the activity patterns of various candidate vertebrate hosts.The main hosts forI.hexagonusappear to be hedgehog and fox. This tick species seems to be incapable of feeding on any rodent commonly encountered in the study region, or on reptiles or birds. Virtually all of these ticks detach during the scotophase, becoming replete mainly during the late evening and early morning hours, regardless of the kind of host or of the time of attachment. These nocturnally detaching ticks, paradoxically, focus their feeding on nocturnally active hedgehogs and foxes, in spite of the possibility that such behaviour might cause them to disperse from the nests of the host. Dispersion is prevented, however, by the tendency of these ticks to detach while their host naps.The tick–host association ofI. hexagonuswith hedgehogs may serve to perpetuate such zoonotic,Ixodes‐bomeinfections as Lyme di

ISSN:0269-283X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1990.tb00459.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.1.Anopheles pharoensisTheobald was found to be the prevalent man‐biting anopheline mosquito in the central area of the Senegal River delta.2. Blood‐fed females ofAn.pharoensiswere obtained during September‐December 1987 from mosquito bednets in the village of Souhlloul, near the Boundoum dam, 70 km NE of St Louis.3. Dried mosquito specimens were identified morphologically and each thorax processed using monoclonal antibody against the circum‐sporozoite protein ofPlasmodium falciparum.4. FiveAn.pharoensisout of 912 examined were sporozoite positive, while ninety‐eightAn.gambiaeGilessensu latowere all negative. This finding strongly supports the local importance ofAn.pharoensisas a malaria vector.5. Successful use of pyrethroid‐impregnated bednets against malaria transmission in this situation has helped to achieve more than 90% reduction of malaria

ISSN:0269-283X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1990.tb00460.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.1.Anopheles arabiensisPatton andAn.funestusGiles were identified as vectors ofPlasmodium falciparummalaria in the Mwea‐Tebere irrigation scheme, Kenya.An.arabiensiswas the only member of theAn.gambiaecomplex identified from chromosome characteristics. OtherAnophelesspecies found includedAn.pharoensisTheobald,An.rufipesGough andAn.coustaniLaveran.Survival rates per gonotrophic cycle forAn.arabiensisaveraged 0.37 during the short rains (October‐November), 0.49 during the dry season (February) and 0.78 during the long rains (May‐June). Vectorial capacities were correspondingly low due to low survival rates and a high degree of zoophily. The average duration of infective life forP.falciparumwas 0.2 days for bothAn.arabiensisandAn.funestus.In contrast, entomological inoculation rates were comparatively high: 6–8 infective bites/man/month.An.pharoensisaveraged 110 bites/man/night during the short rains; 1/999 (0.1%) was positive by ELISA forP.falciparumcircumsporozoite antigen, but the ELISA evidence is not conclusive for vector incrimination.In correspondence with clinical observations, the transmission ofP.malariaeandP.ovaleis unlikely due to the low vector survival rates. The observed anomaly between low vectorial capacities and high entomological inoculation rates demonstrates the importance of accurately estimating vector sporozoite rates to monitor unstable malaria transmission in irrigate

ISSN:0269-283X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1990.tb00461.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY