ISSN:0277-6715    

DOI:10.1002/sim.4780140202

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0277-6715    

DOI:10.1002/sim.4780140203

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractStatistician have long argued that randomized controlled trials should be sufficiently large to achieve their purpose, and for common diseases with major public health implications this has brought many benefits. However, there are many instances where it is unrealistic to expect clinicians to provide the information on which sample sizes are calculated and undue emphasis on trial size can be counterproductive. Examples of such trials are given and some general issues discussed, including the unhelpful contribution of hypothesis testing, the need for replication and the role of the statistician.

ISSN:0277-6715    

DOI:10.1002/sim.4780140204

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe recent release within the European Union of a draftNote for Guidancefrom the Commission for Proprietary Medical Products (CPMP) entitled ‘Biostatistical methodology in clinical trials in applications for marketing authorisations for medicinal products’ has stimulated widespread discussion of the relevant statistical issues. This discussion contains echoes of an earlier debate concerning a closely related U.S. Guideline. The areas of agreement and disagreement between the two guidelines bear close examination as they provide lessons for all statisticians involved in the design and analysis of clinical trials. Notable areas of debate include crossover designs, multi‐centre trials, the intention to treat principle, pre‐specification of statistical analysis and the ability to generalize results to the wider population of patients. The consequences for the routine involvement of statisticians in this area of work in general, and in the regulatory process in particular, are espicially important. This is an illustration of the extent to which drug regulation has influenced, and is continuing to influence, the development of medical statistics throughout th

ISSN:0277-6715    

DOI:10.1002/sim.4780140205

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractUse of meta‐analytical (quantitative overview) techniques is now commonplace in a wide range of medical research contexts, with a rapid rise in its frequency of use being particularly apparent in the last decade. The history of meta‐analyses in other fields, particularly psychology and educational research, is longer. Many methods have been proposed and used, from crude ‘vote counting’ of studies showing significant or non‐significant results, through methods for combination of effect size estimates based on fixed or random effects models, to general linear mixed models and Bayesian methods. The history of meta‐analysis and the advantages and disadvantages of various approaches to it are briefly reviewed in this paper, with reference to pharmaceutical product licence applications, other reviews of clinical trials and epidemiological studies, and health servic

ISSN:0277-6715    

DOI:10.1002/sim.4780140206

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe histories of three controversies are described: fluoridation of water supplies and the risk of cancer; whether oral contraceptives cause breast cancer; and the role of self‐examination in the prevention of cancer. For the future, some new controversies are already predictable. As well as the scientific debate around these topics, the roles of politics, the media, and pressure groups are discussed. The epidemiologist's responsibility to ensure that the correct interpretation of data is made clear to the public is considere

ISSN:0277-6715    

DOI:10.1002/sim.4780140207

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTwenty‐one years after its appearance, Cox's 1972 paper on ‘Regression models and life tables’ continues to be one of the most frequently cited publications in the scientific and medical literature. The proportional‐hazards model and partial‐likelihood technique have been applied to thousands of data sets, not always appropriately, and have motivated hundreds of theoretical studies, not always relevant. Recent developments are reviewed and continuing problems discussed, especially with respect to predictive inference. The accuracy of model‐based predictions, and how they compare with consultants' judgements are investigated by means of

ISSN:0277-6715    

DOI:10.1002/sim.4780140208

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractStatisticians are too often satisfied by fitting data rather than investigating the process out of which the data arose. The assumptions on which they base their models may be quite unrealistic, and while it is true that a model should not be more complicated than necessary, neither should it be too simple. Ways of approaching several sets of data from different areas of clinical medicine are considered, and different attitudes to the purpose of modelling highlghted. The transition from smoothing data, through fitting curves, to modelling underlying processes is discussed.

ISSN:0277-6715    

DOI:10.1002/sim.4780140209

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTeaching statistics to non‐specialists is a challenge for which most statisticians are unprepared by their own training within an academic mathematics department. Most statistics courses for medical undergraduates still focus on research statistics, whereas it would be more appropriate to concentrate on statistics relevant to clinical decision‐making about an individual patient. Teaching statistics to Master of Public Health students presents further challenges because of the wide variety of their backgrounds and the greater demands from mature postgraduates. Whatever the audience, however, the same principles apply: medical statistics should be taught as non‐mathematically as possible, only introducing formulae when absolutely necessary and explaining their components; plenty of practical applications should be given; there should be ample opportunity for practice to gain hands‐on experience using both calculators and computers (preferably with MINITAB); and tutorials should be streamed according to perceived mathematical ability, with remedial mathematics teaching available to those who

ISSN:0277-6715    

DOI:10.1002/sim.4780140210

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article aims to review the professional life of academic medical statisticians. Topics covered include training opportunities, the shortage of medical statisticians, the relevance of PhD degrees, the varied working life (teaching, research, computing, refereeing etc.), research priorities across consultancy, collaborations and methodology, professional recognition and the variety of working environments. In conclusion, some tentative suggestions are made on how to survive happily in the world of academic medical statistics.

ISSN:0277-6715    

DOI:10.1002/sim.4780140211

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY