ISSN:0277-6715    

DOI:10.1002/sim.4780101102

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0277-6715    

DOI:10.1002/sim.4780101103

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe discuss some of the statistical approaches to the design and analysis of phase I clinical trials in cancer. An attempt is made to identify the issues, particular to this type of trial, that should be addressed by an appropriate methodology. A brief review of schemes currently in use is provided together with our views of the extent to which any particular scheme addresses the main issues. Some simulations are provided together with graphical illustration of the operating characteristics of the particular methods. It appears that the continual reassessment method is preferable to other contending schemes.

ISSN:0277-6715    

DOI:10.1002/sim.4780101104

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMeta‐analysis provides a systematic and quantitative approach to the summary of results from randomized studies. Whilst many authors have published actual meta‐analyses concerning specific therapeutic questions, less has been published about comprehensive methodology. This article presents a general parametric approach, which utilizes efficient score statistics and Fisher's information, and relates this to different methods suggested by previous authors. Normally distributed, binary, ordinal and survival data are considered. Both the fixed effects and random effects model for treatments are descri

ISSN:0277-6715    

DOI:10.1002/sim.4780101105

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe relevance of the philosophy of Sir Karl Popper to the planning, conduct and analysis of clinical trials is examined. It is shown that blinding and randomization can only be regarded as valuable for the purpose of refuting universal hypotheses. The purpose of inclusion criteria is also examined. It is concluded that a misplaced belief in induction is responsible for many false notions regarding clinical trials.

ISSN:0277-6715    

DOI:10.1002/sim.4780101106

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractObserving a clinical measurement for an individual is of little value, unless it can be compared with measurements obtained from a healthy population, thought of as standard. The range of measurements observed will, in general, vary with age or some function of time. The usual approach is to assume a distributional form for the population density, but this is inappropriate for variables which do not follow a simple distribution. A method of estimating the centiles of a conditional distribution using multidimensional kernel density estimation, to allow conditioning on the value of one or more covariates, is proposed. By careful choice of the kernel used, the percentiles may easily be calculated using a Newton‐Raphson procedure. The method is illustrated using kidney lengths and birthweights of a sample of newborn infant

ISSN:0277-6715    

DOI:10.1002/sim.4780101107

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWhen failure times are observed, additional information concerning the type of failure is often recorded. A method which simultaneously models the failure times and additional information in the form of ordinal categories is discussed. An application to clinical trial data, in which the failure times are times of onset of headache, and the headaches are classified into the ordinal categories mild, moderate and severe, illustrates how this method may be used and how the final model can be interpreted. The continuation ratio model, which is used in this method, is described in detail.

ISSN:0277-6715    

DOI:10.1002/sim.4780101108

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractModern neuroimaging techniques such as positron emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) often generate datasets consisting of a large number of variables measured on a small number of subjects. In addition, the data contain large ‘subject effects’ which must be adjusted for in any statistical analysis. This paper illustrates the dangers inherent in naive univariate analysis and proceeds to demonstrate the application of multivariate methods such as HotellingsT2‐test, canonical correlation analysis and discriminant analysis. The issues and statistical methods are illustrated using a dataset from a SPECT study of groups of normal control subjects and subjects with a clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's di

ISSN:0277-6715    

DOI:10.1002/sim.4780101109

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn a clinical trial of an anticonvulsant drug, series of electroencephalogram readings are sometimes obtained. These may contain artefacts, that is patches of atypical values which must be identified and either removed or compensated for before a full analysis can be carried out. Methods for identifying such artefacts are discussed. These include non‐parametric methods and also parametric ones combining the ideas of autoregressive modelling and of influence in regression. These methods are described and illustrated on typical data set

ISSN:0277-6715    

DOI:10.1002/sim.4780101110

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractData on cases of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) with onset in 1970‐89 show a marked increase in the interval from initial measles attack to onset of SSPE by year of onset. It is shown that this increase is a transient effect resulting from the decline in measles incidence following the introduction of mass vaccination in 1968. The risk of SSPE after measles is estimated to be 4.0 × 10−5(18 × 10−5after measles under one year of age) and the risk after vaccination to be no greater than 0.14 × 10−5, thus confirming that vaccination is effective in reducing the incidence of SSPE. The paper makes use of methods developed to estimate the incubation peri

ISSN:0277-6715    

DOI:10.1002/sim.4780101111

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY