ISSN:0022-2720    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1985.tb02616.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYInterest has recently revived in microscopy at X‐ray wavelengths, stimulated in part by work for microelectronic lithography. The use of synchrotron radiation and other intense sources of X‐rays, the development of plastic foils in place of photo‐emulsions for recording and the fabrication of Fresnel zone lenses for focusing X‐ray beams have all played a part. Some progress has already been made in improving the resolution and contrast of this method of microscopy, in the wavelength range 2–4 nm. The limitation imposed by radiation damage in biological specimens still has to be

ISSN:0022-2720    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1985.tb02617.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYX‐ray microscopy has an important role to play both in microstructural studies of materials and in the examination of high temperature plasmas. Reflection microscopy offers some advantages over other types of X‐ray microscopy in the range of wavelengths which can be employed, in its potential for absorption analysis and in the ultimate resolution of about 10 nm, which may be achieved in favourable circumstances. In the first of a series of microscopes now under development, submicrometre resolution has been achieved at a wavelength of 0.8

ISSN:0022-2720    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1985.tb02618.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYSome of the X‐ray microscopy work being performed at the Central Laser Facility (CLF) is reviewed. The X‐ray sources generated by the high power glass and gas lasers, Vulcan and Sprite, are discussed and compared with other sources. The instrumentation used to perform X‐ray microscopy of laser driven implosions at the CLF is outlined and the results obtained shown. Other experimental work utilizing the intense X‐ray emission properties of laser produced plasmas is reviewed and details of work involving X‐ray diffraction, EXAFS and X‐ray microscopy of biological sampl

ISSN:0022-2720    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1985.tb02619.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYA new kind of mirror based on multilayering techniques gives the possibility of preparing artificial Bragg reflectors over all the X‐UV range. The possibility to choose most of the parameters governing the reflectivity opens the possibility to get a very good efficiency, even under normal incidence. Main parameters, evaporating techniques and tests are described. Some example of recent results are compared to the theoretical prediction

ISSN:0022-2720    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1985.tb02620.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYAn X‐ray microscope and X‐ray microscopy experiments with biological specimens are described. The experiments have been performed with a resolution of about 0.05 μm using the synchrotron radiation of the electron storage ring B

ISSN:0022-2720    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1985.tb02621.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYThe paper describes the properties of synchrotron radiation and makes some comparison with other X‐ray sources. The use of synchrotron radiation for various types of X‐ray imaging is discussed with reference to specific examples drawn from work carried out recently at the SERC Daresbury Laborat

ISSN:0022-2720    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1985.tb02622.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYContact X‐ray microscopy (microradiography) is a method of studying the microstructure of biological tissue. These techniques have been used to study the historadiological details of human breast tissue and sections of human ear ossicles. X‐ray microscopy can also be used to demonstrate variations in structural densities seen in histological specimens including the detection of microcalcification. A modification of existing apparatus is described which has resulted in improved image‐contrast and detail.The ability of X‐rays to penetrate relatively thick sections of tissue makes it an ideal method for studying the morphology of biological structures, particularly in calcified tissue. The tissues may be further examined by conventional histology, elemental analysis, etc. The technique has a complementary role to alternative methods of tissue mic

ISSN:0022-2720    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1985.tb02623.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYA method of making high resolution zone plates for use as the focusing elements in soft X‐ray microscopy is briefly described. Tests carried out on these zone plates indicate a first‐order diffraction efficiency of ∼0.3% rather than the calculated value of ∼0.9%. This indicates that the zones are not positioned as accurately as expected, a conclusion also drawn from tests at optical wavelengths on electron micrographs of the zone plates. Modifications to the manufacturing method to enable zone plates with improved imaging properties to be made are de

ISSN:0022-2720    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1985.tb02624.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYHigh resolution (better than 20 nm) contact micrographs have been produced with exposure times of about a nanosecond. The illuminating source was a short‐lived carbon plasma produced by focusing a single short (∼1 ns) 100 J pulse from the Vulcan laser at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL) to a 300 μm spot on a graphite target. This plasma emits strongly in the soft X‐ray region, particularly at theCVI(3.37 nm) andCV(4.03 nm) lines. The specimens were behind a 100 nm thick Si3N4window, at atmospheric pressure in an environmental cell. The images of diatoms recorded on X‐ray resist showed features down to the limit of resolution of the SEM used to view the developed resist, which was abo

ISSN:0022-2720    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1985.tb02625.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY