ISSN:1076-2752    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1076-2752    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1076-2752    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1076-2752    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The extent of adverse health effects of isocyanates when combined with other chemicals is not well documented. This study was conducted as a 2.5-year follow-up as well as to determine daily and weekly effects of exposure to isocyanates and organic solvents on pulmonary function. The concentrations of chemicals sampled were below the recommended exposure criteria. No daily or weekly reduction in the subjects' pulmonary function was observed. The isocyanate/solvent-exposed subjects showed significant long-term reduction in their forced vital capacity (P< 0.05) and expiratory volume in 1 second (P< 0.001). No such changes were observed in non-exposed subjects or in those exposed only to organic solvents. The proportion of subjects who developed respiratory symptoms in the isocyanate-exposed group was not significantly greater than that of the non-exposed group. The results of this study indicate that long-term exposure to isocyanates, even in very low concentrations, may contribute to impaired pulmonary function.

ISSN:1076-2752    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The purpose of this analysis is to describe barriers to workplace interventions in cases of alcohol abuse. A survey of 7255 supervisors in 114 worksites across seven major corporations was completed (79% responded). Information about barriers to intervention was elicited by 12 questions. Cluster analysis revealed three analytically independent classes of barriers-Organizational, Interpersonal, and Individual. Most managers reported encountering some barriers to intervention: the extent of barriers perceived was related to characteristics of the worksite, job, and/or the environment. Barriers were greatest for female managers, managers in larger worksites, and first-line supervisors. Barriers were also related to the form (formal vs informal) of intervention a manager was willing to make. Intervention strategies must take into account differences between company worksites and job levels, and not assume that policies are equally effective throughout the corporation.

ISSN:1076-2752    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Cadmium (Cd), a known human carcinogen, is one of the components of tobacco and also has many industrial uses. Smoking Cd-contaminated cigarettes at work may cause an increase in blood levels and toxicity of Cd. For a population of nonexposed workers, we compared blood Cd and urine cotinine (Cot) levels as biological markers of exposure to cigarette smoke of active smokers (AS) and passive smokers (PS) with those of unexposed nonsmokers (UNS) in 158 workers. The mean Cd in AS (0.097 µg%; ie, 0.097 µg/100 mL whole blood) was significantly higher than in UNS (0.085 µg%), and was very close to the mean Cd levels in PS (0.093 µg%). Mean Cd levels in exposed past smokers (0.105 µg%) was higher than in nonexposed past smokers (P< 0.05) and in AS. The mean Cot level was significantly higher in AS than in PS or in UNS. Increased smoking was associated directly with increased blood Cd and urine Cot. Our results supported and proved quantitatively that exposure to cigarette smoke is harmful to both AS and PS, as we show that in both cases there is an increase in blood Cd. According to our results, exposure to cigarette smoke via active and passive smoking increases blood Cd by an average of 0.01 µg% over the background (UNS). We conclude that exposure to cigarette smoke is a confounder to be taken into account when carrying out epidemiological studies and surveillance programs on workers exposed to Cd at work.

ISSN:1076-2752    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

In a 3-year survey, respiratory symptoms, spirometry, and methacholine reactivity were measured annually in welders (n= 51) and non-welder control subjects (n= 54) to determine whether welding-related symptoms are associated with accelerated decline in lung function or changes in airway reactivity. In the across-workshift study, maximal midexpiratory flow rate declined reversibly during a welding day, whereas 1-second forced expiratory volume and forced vital capacity were unchanged. In the longitudinal study, the welders had significantly more reversible work-related symptoms of cough, phlegm, wheeze, and chest tightness than the non-welder shipyard control subjects. In this group of actively working welders, across-workshift changes in midflow and reversible symptoms were related to the welding occupation, but evidence for chronic irreversible effects on spirometry or airway reactivity was not seen over the 3 years of observation. The short period of observation was not optimal for detecting a chronic effect on lung function. Work practices and engineering controls may be successfully preventing irreversible respiratory effects, but not mild reversible effects, in this group of welders.

ISSN:1076-2752    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Cancer incidence was investigated in a cohort of 700 workers employed at a Connecticut chemical plant between mid-1965 and 1989. The plant produced a variety of chemicals, including arylamines such as dichlorobenzidine (DCB), o-dianisidine, o-tolidine, but not benzidine. Benzidine production ceased prior to mid-1965. The principal finding was a statistically significant increase in the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) for bladder cancer in men (SIR = 8.3; confidence interval, 3.3 to 17.0). Based on an exposure classification system developed by a panel of former and current employees, the observed association between bladder cancer cases and exposure to arylamines increased with increasing exposure (SIRs = 0.0, 5.5, 16.4, for none, low, or moderate levels of exposure, respectively). Smoking probably contributed to the bladder cancer risk, as all case subjects were known to be current or former cigarette smokers.

ISSN:1076-2752    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Obesity has been identified as a risk factor for liver disease in a number of cross-sectional studies. We investigated the association of biochemical liver tests (BLTs) among male employees of The Dow Chemical Company who had participated in two consecutive health surveillance examinations. The activity of three liver enzymes-alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and gamma glutamyl transferase-were used as measures of liver injury. Body mass index was strongly associated with increased enzyme activity in both examinations. Alcohol consumption was similarly associated with higher BLT results. Body mass index remained significantly associated with each BLT after controlling for alcohol consumption, race, and age. When changes in the BLTs were investigated over time, the employees who gained weight showed a significant increase in alanine aminotransferase activity compared with those who did not gain weight.

ISSN:1076-2752    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID