摘要:

AbstractSurveys of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation in macaque monkeys have revealed extremely high levels of intraspecific divergence among haplotypes. One consistent pattern that has emerged from these studies is that divergent haplotypes are geographically segregated so that sampling a few matrilines from a given region shows them to be identical, or a closely related subset of haplotypes. Geographically structured mtDNA variation has also been commonly observed in other taxa. In this study, haplotype variation and distribution are studied in detail within a local population of toque macaques. The results show that highly divergent haplotypes, differing by 3.1% in their nucleotide sequences, coexist in this population and that they may be spatially segregated even on this micro‐geographic scale. Furthermore, these differences are maintained between social groups that exchange male migrants, and thus nuclear genes, frequentl

ISSN:0962-1083    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-294X.1994.tb00123.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSeveral of the most studied actinorhizal symbioses involve associations between host plants in the subclass Hamamelidae of the dicots and actinomycetes of the genusFrankia.These actinorhizal plants comprise eight genera distributed among three families of ‘higher’ Hamamelidae, the Betulaceae, Myricaceae, and Casuarinaceae. Contrasting promiscuity towardsFrankiais encountered among the different actinorhizal members of these families, and a better assessment of the evolutionary history of these actinorhizal taxa could help to understand the observed contrasts and their implications for the ecology and evolution of the actinorhizal symbiosis. Complete DNA sequences of the chloroplast gene coding for the large subunit of ribulose 1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase (rbcL) were obtained from taxa representative of these families and the Fagaceae. The phylogenetic relationships among and within these families were estimated using parsimony and distance‐matrix approaches. All families appeared monophyletic. The Myricaceae appeared to derive first before the Betulaceae and the Casuarinaceae. In the Casuarinaceae, the genusGymnostomaderived before the generaCasuarinaandAllocasuarina, which were found closely related. The analysis of character‐state changes in promiscuity along the consensus tree topology suggested a strong relationship between the evolutionary history of host plants and their promiscuity towardFrankia.Indeed, the actinorhizal taxa that diverged more recently in this group of plants were shown to be susceptible to a narrower spectrum ofFrankiastrains. The results also suggest that the ancestor of this group of plant was highly promiscuous, and that evolution has proceeded toward narrower promiscuity and greater specialization. These results imply that a tight relationship between the phytogenies of both symbiotic partners should not be expected, and that host promiscuity is likely to be a key determinant in the establishment of an effective

ISSN:0962-1083    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-294X.1994.tb00124.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe report the use of hypervariable simple sequence repeat (SSR) nuclear loci to study paternity in a community of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in Gombe National Park, Tanzania. All 43 living members of a habituated community were sampled and 35 were genotyped at 8 SSR loci using DNA amplified from hair. Paternity exclusions were performed for 25 chimpanzees including 10 for whom the mother was also genotyped. In each case 12–20 males were potential fathers based on their age and/ or direct observation of sexual behaviour. 179 tests involving potential father/offspring combinations were performed. In four cases the data permit the probable identification of the previously undetermined father; these are the first such determinations for free‐ranging chimpanzees, and the first based on non‐invasive sampling. In another four cases we were able to exclude all but two to five potential fathers, and in the remaining cases we were able to exclude all living males. For molecular ecologists SSR genotype databases offer important advantages over currently popular minisatellite DNA fingerprinting: they can be analysed unequivocally using traditional population genetics techniques and they can be expanded through time and space by other resear

ISSN:0962-1083    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-294X.1994.tb00125.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA rapid procedure for the identification of fluorescent pseudomonads, based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment analysis of 16S rDNA genes is described. Thirty‐one strains belonging to 10 differentPseudomonasspecies of thePseudomonas fluorescensrRNA branch were characterized. Amplified rDNA was digested with 13 different restriction endonucleases. The combined data from restriction analysis enabled the definition of 17 different 16S rDNA genotypes. All type strains belonging to different species were differentiated. The good correlation between grouping obtained using restriction analysis with other molecular classification criteria demonstrates the value of the described method to characterize rapidly fluorescentPseudomonasstrains at the species leve

ISSN:0962-1083    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-294X.1994.tb00126.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMeasuring levels of genetic variation is an important aspect of conservation genetics The informativeness of such measurements is related to the variability of the genetic markers used; a particular concern in species, such as bears, which are characterized by low levels of genetic variation resulting from low population densities and small effective population sizes We describe the development of microsatellite analysis in bears and its use in assessing interpopulation differences in genetic variation in black bears from three Canadian National Parks These markers are highly variable and allowed identification of dramatic differences in both distribution and amount of variation between populations Low levels of variation were observed in a population from the Island of Newfoundland The significance of interpopulation differences in variability was tested using a likelihood ratio test of estimates of θ= 4Neu

ISSN:0962-1083    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-294X.1994.tb00127.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn electrophoretic survey of 81 populations of arcticDaphnia pulexfrom around the Svalbard archipelago revealed the presence of 49 unique allozyme clones (N= 3357). Two closely related clones accounted for 66% of the total sample, and were widespread across the archipelago. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of a 2.1‐kb fragment of mtDNA (NADH‐4 and NADH‐5 subunits), amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), revealed the presence of eight mtDNA haplotypes. One haplotype was particularly widespread, and the two most abundant allozyme clones shared this haplotype. Nonrandom distribution patterns of clones were observed, and are most likely the result of historical events (i.e. founder effects) related to the past glacial history of the archipelago. The data are discussed with reference to past glaciation events, and attempts are made to discern the colonization history of this apomictic co

ISSN:0962-1083    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-294X.1994.tb00128.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRandomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) methods have been adapted for use as a phenetic tool on the legume tribe Cassiinae. RAPD‐generated polymorphism within local populations was lower than between populations from different geographic regions, between species and genera. Examination of threeCassiaspecies, 12Chamaecristaspecies and 13Sennaspecies using eight primers showed the potential for separation of the nodulated/nitrogen fixing genusChamaecristafrom the previously congeneric groupsCassiaandSemis.Similarly, RAPD analysis of two groups of nineCh. rotundifoliaand nineCh. mimosoidessamples using 11 primers has given separation according to both species and to geographical location. Analysis of a small sample of fiveChamaecristaspecies from Brazil with eight primers gave separation consistent with known variations in nodule structur

ISSN:0962-1083    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-294X.1994.tb00129.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe describe the first application of the charomid‐cloning method for developing single‐locus minisatellite DNA probes in a terrestrial arthropod. From a genomic library of the neotropical pseudoscorpion,Cordylochernes scorpioides, we have isolated two probes with heterozygosities exceeding 95%. These probes yielded single‐locus patterns after only low stringency washing and in the absence of genomic competitor DNA. Analysis of three pedigrees indicated germline stability and showed no evidence of linkage between the loci. Patterns of allelic transmission generally conformed closely to Mendelian expectations but large offspring numbers did enable detection of one example of significant bias in allele inheritance. Two test cases are presented to illustrate the clarity and power with which these probes can establish paternity: (i) a female mated to three unrelated males, and (ii) a female mated to two of her brothers. In both cases, a single probe could be used to assign the paternity of all offs

ISSN:0962-1083    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-294X.1994.tb00130.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0962-1083    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-294X.1994.tb00131.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0962-1083    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-294X.1994.tb00132.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY