摘要:

AbstractWe assessed the usefulness of DNA fragment–sharing scores from DNA fingerprints for assigning relatedness to unknown pairs of individuals in a population of stripe–backed wrens(Campylorhynchus nuchalis).Preliminary investigation of scoring biases revealed consistency both within and between scorers in relative band–sharing scores, but a tendency for scores to be inflated and for inter–scorer agreement to decline as distance between lanes on an autoradiograph increased. Distributions of band–sharing values matched expected distributions well, which suggests that variability in scores is mostly inherent and not a result of errors in scoring. Confidence intervals based on band–sharing scores or means of scores across enzymes, probes and scorers revealed that unrelated (r= 0) and first–order dyads (r=Vi) could be distinguished on the basis of single band–sharing scores from the best combination of enzyme and probe (HaeIII/33.15) and that first– and second–order dyads could be distinguished when confidence intervals were based on means of band–sharing scores across two enzymes, two p

ISSN:0962-1083    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-294X.1992.tb00158.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA random sample of 17 threespine stickleback nests was analysed using DNA fingerprinting. DNA from the guardian male and a random subsample of 10 fry per nest was probed with pYNZ132, a human single–locus VNTR probe which detects a multilocus fingerprint pattern in sticklebacks. Band–sharing indices (BSIs, the proportion of bands shared by two individuals) between the guardian male and its fry were calculated. In 147 of a total of 170 pair–wise comparisons theBSIsvaried between 0.40 and 0.77. The guardian male was thought to be the true father of all these fry (p<0.10). For the remaining 23 fry theBSIsvaried between 0.09 and 0.34, suggesting that these fry were fathered by a different male (P<0.06). Once the paternal bands in each legitimate fry were determined, the remaining (i.e. maternal) bands among these fry were compared. Based on theBSIsobtained, the minimum number of females that spawned per nest was determined, and the maternal DNA fingerprints of the legitimate fry were traced back. In one nest five eggs of the sample had been fertilized by a sneaker, in two nests the guardian male had stolen eggs from a rival male, and in another nest one of the eggs was fertilized by a sneaker and three were stolen

ISSN:0962-1083    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-294X.1992.tb00159.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe efficacy of using genetically engineered microbes (GEMs) to degrade recalcitrant environmental toxicants was demonstrated by the application ofPseudomonas putidaPP0301(pR0103) to an Oregon agricultural soil amended with 500 u.g/g of a model xenobiotic, phenoxyacetic acid (PAA).P. putidaPP0301(pR0103) is a constitutive degrader of 2, 4–dichlorophenoxyacetate (2, 4–D) and is also active on the non–inducing substrate, PAA. PAA is the parental compound of 2, 4–dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4–D) and whilst the indigenous soil microbiota degraded 500 ng/g 2, 4–D to less than 10 J–g/g, PAA degradation was insignificant during a 40–day period. No significant degradation of PAA occurred in soil inoculated with the parental strain P.putidaPP0301 or the inducible 2, 4–D degraderP. putidaPP0301(pR0101). Moreover, co–amendment of soil with 2, 4–D and PAA induced the microbiota to degrade 2, 4–D; PAA was not degraded.P. putidaPP0301–(pR0103) mineralized 500–μg/g PAA to trace levels within 13 days and relieved phytotoxicity of PAA toRaphanus sativus(radish) seeds with 100% germination in the presence of the GEM and 7% germination in its absence. In unamended soil, survival of the plasmid–free parental strainP. putidaPP0301 was similar to the survival of the GEM strain P.putidaPP0301(pR0103). However, in PAA amended soil, survival of the parent strain was over 10 000–fold lower (<3 colony forming units per gram of soil) than survival

ISSN:0962-1083    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-294X.1992.tb00160.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractReproduction by binary fission necessarily establishes a clonal genotypic structure in bacterial populations unless a high rate of genetic recombination opposes it. Several genetic properties were examined for a wild population ofBacillus subtilisin the Sonoran Desert of Arizona to assess the extent of recombination in a natural population. These properties included allozyme variation revealed by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, phage and antibiotic resistance, and restriction fragment length polymorphism with Southern hybridization. Evidence of extensive genetic recombination was found along “with evidence of modest clonal structure. Recombination must be frequent relative to binary fission in this population. This mixed population structure provides broader options for bacterial evolution than would a purely clonal structur

ISSN:0962-1083    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-294X.1992.tb00161.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryBy using the polymerase chain reaction to amplify and sequence 178 bp of a rapidly evolving region of the mtDNA genome (segment I of the control region) from 81 individuals, approximately 11% of the variation present in the lesser snow gooseChen caerulescens caerulescensL. mitochondrial genome was surveyed. The 26 types of mtDNA detected formed two distinct mitochondrial clades that differ by an average of 6.7% and are distributed across the species range. Restriction analysis of amplified fragments was then used to assign the mtDNA of an additional 29 individuals to either of these clades. Within one major clade, sequence among mtDNAs was concordant with geographic location. Within the other major clade the degree of sequence divergence among haplotypes was lower and no consistent geographic structuring was evident. The two major clades presumably result from vicariant separation of lesser snow geese during the Pleistocene.

ISSN:0962-1083    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-294X.1992.tb00162.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWhales and dolphins (cetaceans) are found in all the world's oceans and in some of the major rivers, yet little is known about the distribution and behaviour of many species. At the same time, cetaceans are under threat from a variety of pressures including direct and indirect takes, pollution, and competition for habitat and prey. To ensure their long–term survival it will be necessary to preserve genetic diversity through the identification and protection of differentiated populations, the assessment of variation within local populations, and through a better understanding of reproductive and dispersal behaviour. The application of molecular genetic techniques is helping to provide answers to some of these previously intractable questions. Early results suggest few consistent patterns. Obvious geographic boundaries correlate to genetic distance in some species, and not in others. Furthermore, morphological variation within species can be fairly extensive without correlating to genetic distance, or relatively minor between morphotypes that are as genetically distinct as some species. These examples emphasize the need for further stud

ISSN:0962-1083    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-294X.1992.tb00163.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe report here the isolation in the house sparrowPasser domesticusof a highly variable minisatellite locus. When used as a probe at high stringency, this minisatellite crosshybridizes to a specific and variable locus in many different species in the family Passeridae. Moreover, it also detects a variable locus in species belonging to several other families of passerines which suggests that this probe will be useful in at least one–third, and perhaps about one–half, of all bird spec

ISSN:0962-1083    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-294X.1992.tb00164.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0962-1083    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-294X.1992.tb00165.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0962-1083    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-294X.1992.tb00166.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0962-1083    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-294X.1992.tb00167.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY