摘要:

118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure.This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point.These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility.The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure.This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point.These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility.The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.

ISSN:0014-7672    

DOI:10.1039/TF9322800788

出版商:RSC    

年代:1932

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure.This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point.These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility.The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure.This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point.These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility.The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No.13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure.This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility.The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions.Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure.This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure.This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13. COLLOID CHEMISTRY OF GLUTEN. (BINARY PROTEIN MIXTURES.) BY H. L. BUNGENBERG DE JONG. (Lab. Mij. de Koyenschoof, Utrecht, Holland.) Received 13th September, 1932. From the year 1745, when Reccarri for the first time described that by washing out a dough, a tough mass of protein remains, this so-called gluten has been one of the principal points of interest for all flour chemists. This interest was based upon the supposition that there must exist some relation between the amount of gluten and the baking qualities of flour.From a large number of analyses and baking tests it was evident that a positive correlation between protein content and loaf volume exists, but that the coefficient of correlation of protein content and baking strength was widely different for wheats of different variety. These observations are in good accordance with the practical facts obtained with gluten washing. If the glutens of different flours are tested as to their extensibility (often wrongly called elasticity) widely different effects can be observed. A soft flour will give a gluten that can be easily stretched, whereas the hard-flour gluten is brittle and snaps off abruptly. It follows that the gluten of different flours can have a different quality.Accordingly it is now generally accepted that not only the amount of gluten but also its quality plays a leading part in the baking results of the flours (apart from other factors not dealing with the protein). To a certain extent a lack in total amount of gluten can be com- pensated by superior gluten quality. To give an exact definition of “ quality ” is impossible, because this term comprises a large number of widely different physical properties. Several studies have been reported dealing with this quality factor. The first step in this direction was the brilliant work done by Osborne and his collaborators. These inves- tigators made an end to the confusion about the proteins of flours by proving that gluten consists mainly of only two proteins, gliadin and glutenin.It is not surprising that a number of chemists have considered the quality of the gluten to be a result of the relative proportions of these two proteins, particularly since the properties of these proteins are absolutely different. was the first to draw attention to this fact, and he stated in a number of publications that in a good gluten a definite ratio between the two components must exist. A deviation from this ratio would give a gluten of minor quality. There is a distinct lack of agree- ment among cereal chemists as to the importance of this gliadin to glutenin ratio in connection with baking properties. In the last few years a number Fleurent Beccari, cited by Osborne, 1907. T. B. Osborne, “The Proteins of the Wheat Kernel,” 1907.3 E . Fleurent, Compt. rend., 123, 1327, 1896. 798H. L. BUNGENBERG LIE JONG 799 of American chemists have pointed out that the gliadin-glutenin ratio varies only slightly between different sorts of wheat. They conclude, therefore, that the differences in the gluten and in the baking qualities of flours cannot be ascribed to the relative proportions of the proteins. Their method of determination of the gliadin is, however, very different from that of Fleurent. In I929 Berliner expressed his doubts as to the validity of the American method of gliadin determination. He found a higher gliadin content in different flours, more in accordance with the values determined by Fleurent. I t is necessary before describing our experiments to mention here our final conclusion, ie., that gluten is not a simple mixture of gliadin and glutenin, but a product formed by an electrical interaction between the two proteins.Therefore it is very doubtful if gliadin and glutenin can be completely separated by the methods of analysis now in use. Now if we are not even sure of the exact ratio of gliadin to glutenin in a flour, i t must be quite impossible to pass judgment on the question whether this ratio is one of the factors influencing gluten quality. Since the analytical methods gave such doubtful results it is no wonder that the chemists have looked for other methods to attack the gluten problem. Of late colloid chemistry has come more and more to the front. In this connection mention may be made of the work of Wood and Hardy and later of Upson and Calvin who studied the effects of acids and different electrolytes on gluten.Bailey, Alsberg Berliner, Gortner, Kent-Jones and others have contributed their quota to en- larging our knowledge of the gluten properties. However, many of these investigations have been made in a p H region where the gluten proteins are in an abnormally high state of swelling, or are even completely pep- tised by the addition of acid or alkali. Although the components of the system are present, the tough complex (characteristic for gluten) no longer exists; in other words the bond between the proteins has for the greater part disappeared. For this reason we have thought best to study the gluten in that p~ region, wherein the gluten still has its characteristic properties.Rut already in our first investigations with the raw gluten material we met with difficulties, caused by the complex nature of the gluten. In addition to the proteins gliadin and glutenin quite a lot of other substances can be found in the raw gluten. To avoid these complications and to make our system for investigation as simple as possible, we only studied the effects of the two principal components, gliadin and glutenin, on each other. In doing so we are well aware of the fact that the other com- ponents of the raw gluten can have a marked influence on the colloidal properties of the before-mentioned proteins, but we are convinced that the principal properties of the gluten will be found essentially in the pro- tein system, gliadin-glutenin.Before passing on to the experimental part, it is desirable to mention the following facts. On mixing molecularly dispersed substances there are two possibilities : (a) The physical properties of the mixture are the sum of those of the components, or E. Berliner, 2. ges. Muhlenwesen, 6, 57, 1929. T. B. Wood and W. B. Hardy, Proc. Roy. SOC., B81, 38, 1909. C. H. Bailey, “The Chemistry of Wheat Flour,” 1925. ti I;. W. Upson and J . W. Calvin, J . Amev. Chem. SOC., 37, 1295, 1915. D. W. Kent- Jones, ‘‘ Modern Cereal Chemistrj-, Dill and A$berg, 1927. Ceveal Chern.. I , 222, 1924.800 COLLOID CHEMISTRY OF GLUTEN jb) There is a deviation from the additive law. When there is no interaction between the substances, the properties are additive.If the properties are found not to be additive this will indicate that there has been interaction between the components. The same rules can be applied to the mixing of two colloidal solutions. If the two components do not interact, in other words if, on mixing, the two stability factors of a colloid (charge and solvation) are not changed, a deviation from the rule of additive properties is scarcely probable. This will happen on mixing two protein sols both highly charged, positive or negative. In that case neither the total solvation nor the charge of the particles will be very much influenced. Quite different effects can be expected on mixing two differently charged sols of the same hydrogen-ion concentration. In that case we get in the same solution positive and negative colloid particles.A mutual attraction of the particles followed by a decrease in charge will result. As a consequence a pronounced change in solvation of the mixed system will occur and a pronounced deviation from the rule of additive properties can be expected. In what range of hydrogen-ion concentration must we look for such a deviation from this rule? Presumably- only a t those p H values a t which the first component is positive, the other negative. This will only be the case in the region between the iso-electric points of the two pro- teins. Let us now take for a moment these two sols of opposite charge and a t the same p,. If, on mixing, the charge of the positive component predominates, the total system of the proteins will behave as if it were positively charged.The reverse will take place if the negative protein component is present in excess. In that case the system will react as a negatively charged colloid. Between these two extremes there must be a mixture, which contains an equal number of positive and negative units of charge. Such a system will behave outwardly as if it had no charge. To a certain degree such a zero system (by compensation of the charge of two sols) can be compared with the iso-electric solution of a one-component protein system. In both cases compensation of electric forces takes place. For that reason we conclude that, in the case of a binary system of zero charge by compensation, a maximum or minimum in the physical properties must be found, just as in the iso- electric point of a pure protein.We would emphasize the fact that there most probably exists an equality between the positive and negative units of charge, but not between the quantities of the proteins in such a solution. Experimental. Since it was our intention to study the behaviour of gliadin and glutenin and their mixtures in the neighbourhood of their iso-electric points (because here in nature gluten formation takes place) it was im- possible to use the viscosimeter. Both gliadin and glutenin are iso-labile and would block up the viscosimeter. Therefore another method (tur- bidity measurements) had to be followed to get an insight into the charge and solvation of the pure components and of the mixed systems in this pH region. The first step was to determine the iso-electric point of both the gluten proteins; this was the more necessary, since in the literature there is a large divergence of opinion as to the iso-electric point of glutenin.Turbidity is nearly inversely proportional to viscosity.H. L. RUNGENBERG DE JONG 80 1 about 65-66 and for glu- tenin 5-4-5'3. 7 The value for gliadin is in ,. good accord- a n c e w i t h :# that found by *. Tague,* but widely differ- ,. ent from that ,, f o u n d b y . Hoffman and G ~ r t n e r , ~ For Since electrolytes, such as buffers, have pronounced influence on the iso-electric point, it was necessary to avoid this complication as much as possible. The following procedure was therefore followed. Acid and alkaline solutions of the same protein concentration were made.By mixing these two sols in different proportions solutions were obtained with widely different turbidities, although the total protein concentration was the same in all the tubes. Turbidity measurements were made and afterwards the p , values of the solutions were determined with the hydrogen electrode. As the solutions were practically free from electro- lytes and no buffers were present, it was difficult to get accurate results. GLUTENIN WITHOUT ANY BUFFERS. TABLE DETERMINATION OF THE ISO-ELECTRIC POINT OF GLIADIN .4ND 9 # I b J GI iadin. 9'7 9-15 8.5 7'1 5-7 6.58 6.4 6.25 6 5'72 5'45 5'1 Per Cent. Turbiditv. 3'5 I4 23'5 41 69 89 86 70'5 42'5 35 17 6.5 Glutenin. 7'8 6.76 6.3 5.88 5-51 5-32 5-12 4'42 4'2 4-08 4.58 Per Cent. Turbidity. 3 31 I 2 48 52. 5 54 50 33'5 29.5 17 I 0802 Investigator.Sharp and Gortner . Tague . . Kondo, Hayashi . Our laboratory . COLLOID CHEMISTRY OF GLUTEN PH. 6-0-8.0 6.8-7.0 5-15-5.39 5'3-5-4 and Gortner.10 However Kondo and Hayashi l1 obtained practically the same value as we found (Table 11). In our opinion the value of TABLE 11. Hoffman, Gortner . Tague . . Eto'z . . Luers 13 . . Our laboratory . Iso-electric Point of Gliadin. 5-76 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.5-6.6 I C.C. glutenin sol , o 4 5 6 8 C . C . gliadin sol . I 10 6 5 4 2 Relative viscosity . 1.096 1.116 1.122 1.131 1.139 1.153 1'110 1-1235 1-1305 1-1375 1.151 Calc. relative visc. . l - Investigator. I p H * I 0 0 1.165 - Tague and also that of Gortner cannot be correct, for reasons we shall give later (p. 806). On the other hand, we do not wish to maintain that our value 5-4 for glutenin is absolutely right.According to Blish and Sandstedt14 the molecule will be partly broken up by the action of potassium hydroxide used for the purification of glutenin, which in- volves a considerable shifting of the iso-electric point to lower p~ values. However, preliminary investigations now being carried out in our laboratory suggest that this shifting of the iso-electric point is caused by quite another factor. We may expect from the foregoing experiments that, if there were an interaction between gljadin and glutenin, this would take place in a p H region of about 7 to 5 . At lower or higher p , values a distinct interaction is scarcely probable. This supposition is confirmed by viscosi- meter determinations on mixtures of gliadin and glutenin at a p H of about 3.Table 111 gives the necessary data, and shows that the viscosity of such a mixture is practically directly proportional to the ratio, gliadin- glutenin, and can thus be calculated from the values of the two pure components. Known quantities of gliadin and glutenin were dissolved in very dilute sodium hydroxide (0.001 N . ) . These solutions were mixed in varying proportions, but always so that the total amount of protein in the mixtures was a con- stant. These mixtures were brought to certain p , values by means of phosphate buffers. Care was taken that the final concentration of The following method of procedure was used. 10 P. F. Sharp and R. A. Gortner, Minn. Agr. Exp. Stat. Techn. Bull., 19, l1 K.Kondo and T. Hayashi, Imp. Univ., 5 , 1928, Chem. Abstr., I, 1929. l3 H. Liiers. Kolloid Z . , 104, 177, 1919. l4 M. J. Blish and R. M. Sandstedt, Cereal Chem., 2, 55, 1925. 1923. I. Eto, J . Biochem. (Japan), 3, 373, 1924.H. L. BUNGENBERG DE JONG 803 phosphate was the same for every p H . solutions was measured. tions ; only the measurements a t p~ 6.1 are given in Table IV. Thereupon the turbidity of the From considerations of space we refrain from giving all our determina- Similar TABLE IV.-TURBIDITY OF GLIADIN-GLUTENIN MIXTURES AT p , 6-1. Per Cent. Glut enin. ____ 0 5 I 0 2 0 30 40 00 so 90 95 I 0 0 Per Cent. Turbidity. 56 58 60.5 61 -5 49 22.5 5'5 4 3 2'5 2 Per Cent. Tur- i d i t y Calculated. 56 53.5 50'5 45 40 31'5 23'5 I 3 7'4 4'7 2 Per Cent . Deviation.I 0 0 108.4 136.7 I 19.8 122'5 65-2 23'4 30.8 40'5 53 I00 Per Cent. Gli. Turb. 95 53 90 50'5 80 45'5 70 41 60 35'5 40 23 20 I 1 Per Cent. Glu. Turb. 66-7 1-5 40 0.75 2 0 0.5 determinations were made a t the other values. In this table column I shows the percentage of glutenin in the total protein, column 2 the mea- sured turbidities, column 3 the values calculated according to the law of additive properties, column 4 the percentage deviations from the additive law, columns 5 and 6 the influence on the turbidity of dilution of the pure components. Fig. 2 (1-7) indicates the influence of changing p H on the tur- bidities of mixtures with varying ratio of gliadin to glutenin. In these figures the vertical axis gives the turbidity of the solution, and the horizontal axis the percentage of glutenin in the protein mixture.It is readily understood from these graphs that the ratio of gliadin to glutenin as well as the p H have an extraordinary influence on the turbidity. At the hydrogen-ion concentration Fig. 2 ( I ) (about 7) the gliadin can only be slightly negative. For one thing the p H is very near to the iso- electric point (6.6), and also there are positive ions of the buffer in the solution. Consequently the hydration of the gliadin a t this p , must be very small, and therefore the turbidity of the protein solution is rather high. By addition of a small percentage of glutenin a sharp drop in the turbidity will take place. The glutenin a t this p~ is rather strongly negatively charged. This will therefore have a stabilising effect on the gliadin, which is proved by a decrease in turbidity of the solution.I t must be well understood that a t this p , both the proteins are negative. Fig. 2 ( 2 - 7 ) are very different ; a t these p~ values (6.6-5-4) the addition of glutenin always gives, a t first, an increase in turbidity, and only a t higher glutenin concentrations a decrease. We are here in the p H region between the two iso-electric points, hence the gliadin is always more or less positively charged. Addition of the first traces of glutenin will give a decrease of charge of the whole system resulting in an increase in turbidity. By increasing the glutenin content of the system a point will be reached, when the number of positively charged units will be compensated by the same number of negative ones. Maximal turbidity will then be reached.By increasing the glutenin concentration still further a surplus of negatively charged protein particles will result,1304 COLLOID CHEMISTRY OF GLUTEN .-‘I- , a , - CI t * rxH. L. BUNGENBERG DE JONG causing the system to become clearer and less turbid, By decreasing the pH of the system a shifting of the maximum to higher glutenin concentrations takes place. We have already mentioned that a deviation from the law of additive properties indicates interaction between two substances. Therefore the influence of dilution of the pure components on the turbidity was determined a t different p , values. The results are given in Fig. 2 (1-7) in dotted lines. Within the experimental error all the curves are straight lines.I t is quite evident that the turbidity found by mixing these two proteins deviates from the additive law. Fig. 3 shows these deviations better ; in this the composition of the mixtures is plotted on the hori- zontal axis, and the percentage deviation * of the additive properties is given on the vertical axis. The turbidities of both the pure com- ponents are taken as 100 for simplicity. A dotted line in this figure parallel with the horizontal indicates the pure law of additive properties L . by mixing. Points above this line indicate a positive, and 'Id points below a negative devia- tion from the additive behaviour of the mixtures. At each p H between the iso-electric points, positive as well as negative de- the ratio of gliadin to glutenin.Curves F and G provide an exception. Here the deviation is always positive. This graph 'O shows, however, beyond all doubt that there is a distinct and glutenin, a t p H values of about 7 to 5. viations occur, dependent upon interaction between the gliadin :L,AD,m I c h r > - . . . a A 1 P, = 7.0 B = P, = 6-5 E = P H = 5's F = PH = 5.6 The above determinations c = P, = 6-3 G = P B = 5.4 were made to give a general D = PH = 6.1 impression of the effects of the p~ and mixing proportion of FIG. 3. _ - the two.proteins oh the turbidity. The mixtures with o to 35 per cent. glutenin were studied more extensively, because in our opinion the glutenin content of gluten must lie somewhere between these percent- ages. Table V, Fig. 4 gives the results of the measurements.This figure is composed of the turbidity curves for mixtures of o to 35 per cent. glutenin a t different pH values. On the horizontal axis the glutenin percentage from o to 35 is plotted for every p H , while the vertical axis gives the turbidities. This graph shows that the first additions of glutenin give a sharp drop in the turbidity of the system a t p H values higher than 6.5. In solutions with a p~ lower than 6.5 an increase in turbidity occurs a t first under the same circumstances. Now in a mixture of p , 6.6 to 6.5 the gliadin is iso-electric, so this graph shows beyond all doubt that the appearance of a maximum in the turbidity curve is coupled with a positive charge of the gliadin. The maximum in the turbidity curves shifts on lowering the p , to mixtures with a higher glutenin- con- tent.In the same graph the curves for the 100 per cent. gliadin and * Percentage deviation is the value obtained by dividing the values of column z by those of column 3 and multiplying by 100.806 COLLOID CHEMISTRY OF GLUTEN TABLE V.-TURBIDITY OF GLIADIN-GLUTENIN MIXTURES AT DIFFERENT .p, VALUES. PH' 7'2 7'0 6.8 6.6 6.5 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.1 6.0 5'9 5-8 5.7 5.6 5'5 5'4 5'3 =t 5-2 Per Cent. Glutenin. ~ 5. 0. 30. 35. 100. 10. IS. 20. 2s. 36 23 2 0 16 14 11.5 9-5 o 72.5 45-5 27-5 20 13.5 12 10.5 8-5 o 74 39 24 18 13'5 I3 10.5 9 0 73'5 58.5 37'5 27 I9 I4 11 8.5 0 74'5 67 48 35 23'5 16 I 3 9'5 0 74'5 72-5 58.5 43-5 30 2 1 15 10 0 74 72'5 69 53'5 37'5 27 19'5 12.5 0.5 73 72'5 73 70 51 35'5 26 18 3'5 72 72 73 72'5 70 50 36.5 23 5'5 71 71 72'5 72'5 73 68 52 35 6 70 69.5 71.5 72 73'5 72 67 59 7'5 67'5 68.5 70'5 72 73 71'5 69 64 9 65'5 13 40 65 68.5 69-5 71 71 68.5 65 18.5 57 57 62 63 64 64 63 61 47 45'5 46 51 52'5 53 52'5 53 52 46 26 46-5 the IOO per cent.glutenin and 30 per cent. glutenin mixtures are drawn by connecting the corresponding points on the turbidity curve for every p ~ . The analogous curves for every mixture from 5 to 35 per cent. glutenin are drawn in Fig. 5 . In this graph the turbidities of the different gliadin- glutenin mixtures are plotted against G L I A D I N - G L U T L N I N the p~ and it is seen that everv Turbidity mixture has a special p H for maximal turbidity. Both these graphs indicate that we have to deal with a charge effect. We will now seek an explana- tion of these curves.The effects ob- I I b r b 5. E i pi, served are caused FIG. 5. by the influence of changing hydro- gen-ion concentration on the charge of both the proteins. At PH 7-2 the gliadin is negatively charged. On lowering the p~ this negative charge will decrease, to become zero a t the iso-electric point, p~ 6.5. Beyond this point, down to p~ 5, the positive charge of the gliadin increases. This effect is represented in the 100 per cent. gliadin curve in Fig. 4. The flattened form of this curve is caused by the presence of discharging ions of the buffer in solution. On the other hand, on lowering the p H from 7-3 to 5 - 2 the negative charge of the glutenin will decrease, tillH. I,. BUNGENBERG DE JONG 807 its i5o-electric point is reached a t a p H of about 5.3.These two effects, the change in charge of both gliadin and glutenin can explain our curves. If we take a mixture with a p H between the two iso-electric points and decrease the p ~ , an increasing amount of glutenin will be necessary t o provide an electrical compensation for the positive gliadin and the negative glutenin for maximal complex forming. The reasons for this are as follows :- (a) By decreasing the p~ the positive charge of the gliadin increases. ( b ) By decreasing the p~ the negative charge of the glutenin de- creases. X s a result, the maximum in turbidity (found in the mixture wherein the positive units of charge of the gliadin and the negative units of charge of the glutenin compensate each other) will shift to higher glutenin concentrations.For instance, a t a p~ 6.2 the gliadin is positively charged. Therefore a certain quantity of negative glutenin (about 7-5 per cent.) will be necessary to Compensate this charge of the gliadin to get a rnaxi- mum complex formation. At another p ~ , e.g., 6.0, where the charges of the gliadin and of the glutenin are different, the ratio gliadin to glutenin for maximal com- plex formation will ~ be different (about < Ij percent.). Con- $ sidering now Fig. + 5, and in particular a mixture contain- ing 20 per cent. glutcnin, we find that, with decreas- ing p ~ , the positive gliadin will increase in charge, but a t the same time the nega- tive charge of the crease. In this FIG. 6. mixture there will be one p~ where the charges of gliadin and glutenin compensate each other (about 6.0).At this p H no other mixture (e.g., 30 per cent.) can have its maximal turbidity, because here the glutenin percentage is larger and the total negative charge is higher. To reach the maximal turbidity for this mixture, it is necessary to increase the positive charge of the gliadin or to decrease the negative charge of the glutenin. Both these effects can be obtained by bringing the system to a s m a l l e r p ~ (about 5 * 8). The conclusion drawn from these graphs must be that the formation of the complex is closely connected with the charge of both the components. On reasoning thus one would expect that on shifting the p , to smaller values the maximum of turbidity would shift to ever larger percentages of glutenin.The facts, however, are not in accordance with this supposi- tion. It seems that there is a final value in a medium of this composition for the glutenin quantity of the complex, about 30 per cent. Up to the present we have been unable to give an exact explanation of this fact. We will now seek to define more closely the connection existing be- tween the formation of the complex and the charge of the system. It 1 EQ"l.rr..r I..'I*, ..., 01. glutenin will de- .I E ~ r ~ r n o ~ f r r808 COLLOID CHEMISTRY OF GLUTEN is well known in colloid chemistry that one of the methods of investigating the charge of a colloid is to examine the influence of electrolytes in small concentrations. A colloid is discharged by ions of opposite charge, in the order of their valency.Thus, for instance, the decrease in charge (ie., a decrease in solvation) of a protein sol will be larger by addition of equivalent concentrations of a tri-valent ion than of a bi-valent one. Such a decrease in solvation of an iso-labile sol is coupled with an increase in turbidity. Using this method the sign of charge of our binary protein system was tested a t different p~ values. For this purpose a sol was made with a gliadin-glutenin ratio of 4 : I . The turbidity of this mixture increases on lowering the p~ of the medium until, a t p H 6.1, maximal turbidity is reached. After this point a decrease in turbidity takes place. The influence of different electrolytes on the turbidity of this system was investigated, at, below, and above this maximum, ie., at p~ 6.4, 6.1 and 5.6.As negative ions Cl', SO,'' and FeCyG"'' were used, while the positive ions were K', Bag* and (Co(NH,),)"'. The electrolytes with positive ions were all chlorides, while for the I Turbidity negative series po- tassium salts were used. Ilt y!L The effects found at these three p H values were quite L U T E 4 different. Whereas at pH 6.4 the posi- tive ions cause an increase in turbidity, a t p~ 5.6 the nega- tive ions gave an uqF,(CWL increase. At both p~ values the tur- bidity increased in .,. E L . r r r o r v r r the order of the valency of the dis- charging ions, as will be seen from Figs. 6 and 8. For instance the increase in tur- bidity at p~ 6-4 was larger for the tri-valent Luteo-ion than for the bi- valent Ba" ion, and for the Ba" ion more that for the K' ion.For p , 5-6 the following series was found for the negative ions, viz., The conclusions from these experiments must be that at pH 6-4 the negative charge of the system predominates, as indicated by the in- creased turbidity by addition of positive ions, while a t p H 5.6 there must be an excess of positively charged protein. So far, there appeared to be nothing abnormal in the conduct of this gliadin-glutenin system under the influence of electrolytes, but the following experiments will make i t clear that such a binary-protein system deviates from the type of the ordinary one-component system. If small electrolyte concentrations are added to a charged protein sol, the ions of opposite charge exercise a distinct influence on the solvation of the sol, while ions of the same sign of charge as the colloid are of practically no importance.At the most a small divergency in the tur- bidity curves can be found between positive*sols containing equivalen KCL P = 6.1 Y 4 EPVIIIL..I ' I * L L " . . . T J O " FIG. 7. FeCy6 > so, > c1-H. L. BUNGENBERG 1)E JONG 809 served. Here also the ions of the same sign of charge have a dis- 2 K, r. (C N)( runn I DlTY for instance, the gliadin-glutenin sol (8 : 2 ) a t pH 6.4. At this p~ the positive ions exercise a per- IN Fc UEN C E 0 F EL E C T RO LYTE 5 L U T E O 3 effects in a bin- ary system are not indeed ano- malous. Let us assume t h a t the complex must consist of posi- tive and nega- tive particles. If this supposition is right, the maximal turbid- I ity must be the I result of an I electrical com- l 1: a- I I I 1 I I 6.I 5.6 pensation of all 6 the positive and FIG. 9. negative protein particles. 4.4 The so-formed complex will outwardly have a zero charge and therefore a minimum in solvation, but the individuality of both the positive and the negative particles remains, i.e., each of the particles8 10 COLLOID CHEMISTRY OF GLUTEN will be electrically charged according to the p~ and the electrolyte in the medium. (A confirmation of this supposition can be found in the shifting of the point of maximum turbidity along the p H axis for the different ratios of gliadin-glutenin, Fig. 5). If an electrolyte with a polyvalent positive ion is added, it will be preferentially absorbed and discharge the negative part of the complex.As a consequence the positive part of the complex will not be compensated by a sufficient quantity of negative units. The total system has acquired a surplus of positive charge and a decrease in turbidity will be the result. The same reasoning can be applied to the decrease in turbidity by addition of negative ions in the maximum.* In analogy with the effects of electrolytes a t the maximum ( p H 61), the effects of the negative ions a t p H 6.4, and of the positive ions a t p~ 5.6, indicate that here, too, some form of a complex must exist. To give a full explanation of the phenomena a t both sides of the maximum it is necessary to take into consideration (in addition to the charge of the a + - +- +- +- +- FIG. 10. - system) another variable, namely, the total amount of the compon- ents in the com- plex.Once again a mixture of 80 per cent. gliadin and 20 per cent. glutenin is taken. Starting from the iso-electric point of gliadin and going to lower p~ values the positive charge of the gliadin will increase , w hi le the n e g a t i v e charge of the glutenin decreases, until i t becomes zero in its is;-electric point. This change in charge of both the components is diagrammati- cally represented in Fig. 10 by the different size of the positive and negative signs of charge. Moreover in this figure we have tried to give an impression of the ratio of the quantities of gliadin and glutenin in the complex a t different p~ values. Here the total amount of the gliadin in the mixture is represented by a large shaded circle, the total amount of the glutenin by a somewhat smaller clear one.It is easy to understand that a t p , 6.4, where the gliadin is only slightly * Microscopical cataphoretic measurements support our explanation of the effects of electrolytes. By decreasing the pII from 6-4 to 6.2 a decrease in the negative charge can be observed. From p , 6.0 to 5.4 the particles are positively charged as indicated by their motion towards the negative pole. At pH 6.1 no mobility is shown by the particles. At the same time the electrical desintegration phenomena-described a t length by H. G. Bungenberg de JQng15 as being an indication of the complex nature of the system-can be found back in the system gliadin-glutenin. So we may safely conclude that the complex consists of positive and negative particles.At pH 6.4 the system is negatively charged. 15 H. G. Rungenberg de Jong, Biochern. Z . , 221, 403, 1930.H. L. BUNGENBERG DE JONG 81 T positive, a very small amount of the highly charged glutenin (& 2.5 per cent.) is necessary to compensate the positive charge of the total amount of gliadin. Therefore the complex must consist of all the gliadiii and only a minor quantity of glutenin, as represented in our graph by the large shaded circle for gliadin and the small clear one for the glutenin. As only some few per cents. of the glutenin in the system will participate in the complex formation, a large quantity of this protein will stay in colloidal solution. This part of the glutenin will act as a stabilising colloid for the formed complex and will thus decrease its original tur- bidity.A simple calculation of the turbidity of the solution by means of the maximum of turbidity will confirm this opinion. On decreasing the p H , more and more glutenin will be wanted in the complex to com- pensate the increasing charge of the gliadin, the more so because the glutenin itself decreases in charge. This effect will be coupled with an increase in turbidity of the system, and probably for the following reasons : ( I ) More protein takes part in the complex formation. ( 2 ) Less glutenin will act as a stabilising colloid. (3) The stabilising effect will be less as a result of the decreased charge of the glutenin. On lowering the p~ still more, a p~ will eventually be reached a t which all the positive glutenin is necessary to compensate the negative gliadin.Maximal turbidity will then be reached ( p ~ 6.1). After this maximum the tables are turned. Now the total amount of glutenin is in the com- plex while ever decreasing quantities of gliadin will be wanted to com- pensate the decreasing charge of the glutenin. I t is evident that a t this side of the maximum a part of the gliadin is not taken up by the complex and is therefore free to act as a stabilising colloid for the complex. The quantity of this free gliadin varies with the p H . If the foregoing idea of the mechanism of the complex formation is correct, then the effects of the electrolytes a t p , 6.4 and 5-6 should be in agreement. The experimental facts show that a t p H 6.4 positive ions in small concentrations increase the turbidity of the system.A t p , 6-4 a large quantity of negative glutenin will not be taken up by the complex ; by addition of positive ions the glutenin in the complex as well as in the outer sphere will be gradually discharged, and therefore more glutenin is wanted in the complex to compensate the positive charge of the gliadin. The same reasoning but now with the negative ions and the positive gliadin in the surrounding liquid holds good for PH 5.6. In other words, on discharging the solutions a t both sides of the maximum with electrolytes, a situation can be reached, where the com- plex contains all the protein, the same as in the maximum. Then the turbidities of these solutions must be of the same order as the maxi- mum of turbidity a t p, 6.1.Apart from some small deviations this is in accordance with the facts (see Figs. 6, 7, 8): The consequence of this reasoning should be that higher concentrations of the polyvalent electrolytes give a decrease in turbidity. In fact, Luteo cobaltchloride in higher concentrations gave a pronounced decrease in turbidity a t pH 6.4. The same is the case for K,FeCy, and K,FeCy, a t p , 5-6. The influence of the negative ions a t p~ 6.4 can be explained as follows : ,At this p H these ions decrease the charge of the positive gliadin in the complex. Consequently less glutenin will be wanted for compensation, A decrease in turbidity will thus be the result of two effects :- The system becomes more turbid.812 COLLOID CHEMISTRY OF GLUTEN ( I ) The total quantity of protein in the complex decreases, (2) The stabilising effect of the glutenin increases. The same reasoning can be applied for the influence of the positive ions a t p~ 5.6.Summary. On examining the results of the experiments, the following conclusions can be drawn: The deviations from the law of additive properties for different p~ values, indicate an interaction between the two proteins gliadin and glutenin. This complex formation is caused by the different charges of the components. In our opinion the individuality of the charge of both the components remains unchanged in the complex, and only the solvation of the com- ponents will be changed. Different phenomena point in that direction (disintegration effects of electrolytes, etc.) . The gliadin part of the complex is always positively charged, while the glutenin always acts as the negative component. Consequently the effect of complex formation is strictly limited to the p H region between the iso-electric points of the components. Maximum complex formation takes place at a definite PH. This PH is only dependent upon the ratio of gliadin and glutenin in the system, and upon the electro- lytes in the systems. In a range of about 0.5 PH units a t both sides of the maximum a kind of complex formation can also take place, but such com- plexes are imperfect. In these systems a certain amount of one of the components will take part in the complex. The remaining part of this protein serves as a protective colloid for the complex. Nowhere within the area of complex formation indications were found that gliadin would protect glutenin or the reverse. This can only occur a t higher or lower PH values. All the facts of the summary point to one thing, i.e. : I n a dejinite PH region the properties of the binary protein system gliadin- glutenin are not those of a purely physical mixture, but of a complex based on electrical relations. The complex gliadin-glutenin can be compared in a measure with the natural gluten. For one thing because these proteins form the main part of the gluten, and for another because several investigations-not mentioned here-point in the direction that between p~ 7 to 5 this gluten is not a simple mixture, but a system with pronounced complex relations of an electrical nature. Of course the different minor components of the gluten can have such an influence in this protein system that the forementioned phenomena could be partly covered up. However, in our opinion only a systematical treatment of these different effects can give in the long run the complete solution of the gluten problem. The author wishes to thank Professor H. G. Bungenberg de Jong and Miss W. J. Klaar for the advice and assistance they have given him during these investigations.

ISSN:0014-7672    

DOI:10.1039/TF9322800798

出版商:RSC    

年代:1932

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure.This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point.These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13. THE EFFECT OF OXYGEN PRESSURE ON T H E CORROSION OF STEEL.* Communication from U. R. EVANS AND C. W. BORGMANN. Received 4th October, 1932. Dr. Lee’s high-pressure corrosion data are of value and we welcome publication. It is a little unfortunate that the work could not have been carried to slightly higher pressures, so as to ascertain whether the curve of Fig. 4 becomes horizontal, or commences to descend again. Dr.Lee evidently thinks it would remain horizontal, since he states definitely that “ Oxygen in solution does not act as a passifier ; its function appears to be simply that of a depolarizer and to some extent that of an oxidizing agent for products of corrosion.” Actually the conditions used are not those most likely to produce inhibition a t moderate pressures. Owing to the high penetrating power of chlorine ions, chlorides interfere with inhibition even by powerful inhibitors such as potassium chromate, which must be added in larger amount if chlorides are present than if they are absent.l Inhibition by oxygen is more likely to be realized when chlorides are absent. One of the writers found that electrolytic iron, whirled in distilled water containing oxygen, remained uncorroded, whilst the same iron half im- mersed in the same water, under stagnant conditions, suffered corrosion.Obviously the motion of the water can produce other effects besides ac- celerating the supply of oxygen to the surface; i t will accelerate the removal of iron ions from the surface, but this removal is not likely to produce protection ; on the contrary, if precipitation as “ rust ” occurs a t a distance from the surface, the precipitate will be looser and less protective. Even in the presence of chlorides, oxygen can produce a reduction in the area suffering corrosion, if favourable conditions are maintained. The writers have studied the behaviour of specimens of iron or steel partially immersed in potassium chloride, with different gases above the liquid.When nitrogen free from oxygen was employed, the corrosion, which was very slight, extended right up to the water-line. If a little oxygen was present, a small unattacked area appeared just below the water-line. When purified air was employed, corrosion was confined to a comparatively small area near the bottom and sides, whilst with pure oxygen the corroded area became smaller still. Nevertheless, although increase of oxygen restricted more and more the corroded area, it greatly increased the amount of corrosion. Under the conditions studied, oxygen was a partial inhibitor in one sense, but an accelerator in another. As pointed out elsewhere, the writers4 do not regard the immunity *This vol., p. 707. 1 B. E. Roetheli, and G. L. Cox, Ind. Eng. Chem., 23,1084,1g31.32. physik. Chem., (A), 160, 194, 1932. U. R. Evans, “Corrosion of Metals” (Arnold), 1926 edition, p. 108. PYOC. ROY. SOC. (A), 131, 355, 1931. Sr3 53814 EFFECT OF OXYGEN PRESSURE ON CORROSION STEEL of the aerated zone as mainly due to a directly formed oxide film, but rather to the fact that, since the cathodic reaction requires oxygen, the cathodic product, potassium hydroxide, is here present in excess ; thus any small amount of iron which commences to pass into solution a t the well-aerated part of the specimen will be precipitated in optical con- tact with the metal, repairing and reinforcing the oxide film already present and stopping the attack; in long continued experiments the contact precipitation may lead to a film thick enough to give interference colours, the character of which indicates that the film consists mainly of the hydrated oxide, not the less transparent anhydrous oxide.In Dr. Lee’s experiments the anodic and cathodic products (ferrous chloride and potassium hydroxide) are produced a t points side by side and will destroy one another, so that the protective mechanism does not come effectively into play. Although the immunity of the “ aerated area ” of partly immersed specimens is probably due in the main to the alkali there produced, it is to be noted that the co-operation of oxygen is needed in the precipita- tion of protective hydrated ferric oxide. Potential measurements by Travers and Aubert indicate that the passivity normally produced by sodium carbonate solution is not met with if oxygen be excluded. It must be added that conceivably a body might reduce the “ probabil- ity ” of corrosion commencing, and yet increase the “ conditional velo- city ” of attack (which will be attained provided that corrosion starts a t all) ; in such a case, a controversy as to whether the body is an inhibitor or not may resolve itself into a question of definition. Early measure- ments by one of the writers rather suggested that sodium carbonate acts, in drop-corrosion, as a substance which reduces the probability of attack and increases the conditional velocity. Further work is, however, clearly needed, and it is hoped, at Cambridge, shortly to measure both the “ probability ” and “ conditional velocity ” of corrosion by droplets of condensed moisture in a range of oxygen-nitrogen mixtures. J . SOC. Chem. Ind., 43, 31gT, 1924. 5 Comptes rendus, 194, 2308, 1932.

ISSN:0014-7672    

DOI:10.1039/TF9322800813

出版商:RSC    

年代:1932

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure.This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point.These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility.The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure.This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13. 814 EFFECT OF OXYGEN PRESSURE ON CORROSION STEEL INERT GAS EFFECTS IN CHAIN REACTIONS. BY H. W. MELVILLE. Received 7th September, 1932. In certain chain reactions, particularly thermal oxidations, in which wall deactivation is prominent, it has been shown that the addition of inert gases increases the rate of oxidation. This phenomenon was explained by Semenoff on the assumption that the inert gas hinders the diffusion of the chains to the walls, postpones deactivation and therefore increases the length of the chains. I t was shown by Semenoff that the increase in chain length can be represented by the factor I -/- pX/(?R -t POz) where px, p , and po2 are the pressures of inert gas, oxidisable substance and ogygen respectively.This expression was derived from the simple 2. Physik., 47, 109, 1927 ; 2. physikal. Chem., 2B, 161, 1929.H. W. MELVILLE 815 assumption that the mean free path of the chains in the gas mixture is inversely proportional to the total pressure. Later work on the phos- phorus-oxygen reaction revealed that this was only a first approxima- tion, the second approximation factor being I -k p!)X/(PR POs? where p is a constant and is inversely proportional to the diffusion coefficient of the chains through the gas mixture. It has now been found that this second approximation holds valid for a number of chain reactions. The object of the present note is to point out some regularities in the values of p in different reactions and to show that these regularities are in agreement with the theory so far as i t has been developed.The determination of the value of p may be carried out in two different ways. In the first, the acceleration of the stable chain reaction velocity may be measured. If Rx and Ro are the rates with and without inert gas present then p is given by I n the second method p may be obtained by measuring the lowering of the lower oxidation limit upon the addition of inert gas. In these cir- cumstances where p' denotes pressures in absence of inert gas. pkpb, = P R P d I -k P $ ) X / ( p R -k POz>) (4 The Experimental Data. The available experimental data for six oxidation reactions are collected in Table I. TABLE I.-REACTION. Inert Gas.He . Ne . A . N2 * co, . so, . CH2(OEt), . N,O . CC14 . CHCI, . HP - 0s. I HaS - Op P* - OI. 0.1 3 0.46 0.37 0.48 0-52 0.46 0.84 0.84 0'20 - With phosphine and phosphorus the lower limiting explosion pressures were determined by the usual methods at temperatures in the neighbourhood of 15" C. In the case of hydrogen Melville and Ludlam, Proc. Roy. Soc., 132A, 108, 1931. * I am indebted t o Dr. H. W. Thompson for these values. a Dalton and Hinshelwood, Proc. Roy. Soc., 125A, 294. 1929. 4 Thompson, Tnans. Furuduy Soc., 28,299,1932 ; cj. also Horde and Thompson, and methane J . Chenz. Soc., in the press. Thompson and Kearton, J . Chem. Soc., 933, 1932.816 Helium. finz + 02. PHe. in^^^ in CL -- 450 300 2.45 2'2 450 500 3-91 2.6 300 300 1-75 (1'7) 300 500 3.29 2'3 Average 2-3 Argon.INERT GAS EFFECTS IN CHAIN REACTIONS Nitrogen. Increase in PHe-FOz. p*z. Rate. 300 50 1-26 300 ,100 2-40 300 150 3'33 200 4'76 300 300 250 6-17 Average Water Vapour. chain centres in sufficient concentration to produce lower limiting explosion pressures had to be introduced by means of an electric spark. The carbon disulphide explosions had to be initiated by a hot tungsten filament.g Similarly a hot filament was required for the hydrogen sulphide,' the gas mixture in both cases being a t about 15" C. p for neon and argon in the phosphorus reaction was confirmed by experiments on the stable chain reaction below the lower limit.8 The second column under the H, - 0, reactions shows the value of p calculated from the data of Gibson and Hinshelwood9 on the stable chain reaction above the upper limit.The available data are given in Table 11. and the value of p calculated from equation ( I ) . Pressures are in mm. Hg. IOO 200 500 700 TABLE 11. 2.84 (5'5) 5'24 6.3 14.2 7'9 7'7 :;:age 7-3 300 300 300 I I 50 1'4 I00 3'6 200 6-2 Average Increase in Pa* 1 Rate. 1 P. -I I I I PnZo. Increase in 1 Rate. I I I I The value of p does not remain constant but increases with px. Moreover, the p's for all gases are considerably greater than those ob- tained by Thompson at the lower limit. Had the values of p decreased with px deactivation by the inert gas would have been indicated. The opposite tendency seems to point to the kinetics being rather more complex than at the lower limit, the inert gas not wholly functioning in the manner common to the other reactions in Table I.The abnormally large value of p for N,O in the spark experiments for the H, - 0, reaction is probably due to the N,O participating in the reaction for when H, and 0, are sparked in presence of N20 there is appreciable reaction of the N,O with H,. In fact explosive combination of H, and N,O can be brought about by means of a spark. Ritchie and others, Proc. Roy. SOC., in the press. Ritchie, private communication. * Melville and Ludlam, PYOC. Roy. SOC., 135A, 315, 1932. @ PYOC. Roy. SOC., I I ~ A , 591, 1928.H. W. MELVILLE 817 The values for phosphine are possibly complicated by the fact that deactivation is simultaneously occurring with the inert gas effect. For instance, with argon p decreases down to about 0.3 as the pressure of argon increases ; and with nitrogen, although p remains fairly constant the value appears to be much too low.It is interesting to point out here that in the photochemical H, - Br, reaction at low pressures where wall deactivation becomes evident lo the inert gas effect increases in the series He, H,, 0,, HBr, Br2, thus falling into line with the results of the oxidation reactions. Discussion. has made the interesting suggestion that i t may be pos- sible to estimate the approximate mass and diameter of the chain carriers by a detailed study of the inert gas effect and so enable plausible re- action mechanisms to be verified. For example, to take an extreme case it might be possible to say whether one of the chain carriers in the oxidation of methane is a heavy peroxide or hydroxylated molecule compared with the highly mobile hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl radicals which are supposed to play an essential part in the H, - 0, reaction.1l On inspection of Table I.the first striking fact is that the inert gas coefficients for the H, - 0, reaction are consistently higher than those for any of the other reactions. In order to see how this comes about the approximate expression for p may be considered. It has been shown l2 that p is given by * Thompson c L = where CTAX is the sum of the radii of A, the chain carrier and X, the inert gas ; and CTAM that of A and M the reaction mixture. The radius of A and of M will be a mean value owing to the existence of two chain pro- pagators and of the two different molecules of the reaction mixture.Similarly MA and MM will be mean molecular weights. In spite of these complications, it will be assumed that in the H, - 0, reaction MA = I and MM = 2 and CTA is the radius of the hydrogen atom. Owing to the small value of CTA, it will have a relatively small influence on the factor c&/c&~ so that this will be mainly governed by ox/-, which will become large when OX is large-this, in turn, making p large. On the other hand when CTA is comparable with ax and w, as is probably the case with the other reactions, C T & J C T ~ ~ will not become so great as Q increases. For a similar reason, the range of values of p from He t o CCl, - 0.15 - 6.9 will therefore be much larger than is the case with the P, - 0, reaction, 0.13 - 0.84.Turning now to the mass factor in the equation for p it is seen on substituting the values for MA and MM and supposing M x large a value of 1.5 is obtained again tending to make p high. With other reactions MA, M x and fldM are comparable so that the mass factor mill approxi- lo Jost and Jung, 2. physikaE. Chem., 3B, 83, 1929. Cf. also Kassel, Homo- geneous Gus Reactions, p. 243. 11 Bonhoeffer and Haber, 2. physikal. Chem., 137, 263, 1928. 12 Melville, Trans. Furaduy Soc., 28, 308, 1932. * This equation is obtained from equations ( 2 ) and (11) in reference 12. The coefficient k in (11) is written out in full since k will vary according to the particular reaction being considered.818 THE CHAIN-REACTION THEORY mate to unity but perhaps rising slightly above this value as 1Mx becomes large.Thus both factors for the H, - 0, reaction give high values of @. %The contribution of the OH radical in the H, - 0, reaction has been neglected for the sake of simplicity. If OH is taken into consideration it would produce slightly lower values of p. Another regularity may be observed in Table I., p for argon, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide decreases in the series H,, CH,, H,S, CS,, P,. That is, as the mass and diameter of the oxidisable molecule increases there is a corresponding decrease in p for any one inert gas. Now the mass and diameter of A will probably be proportional to M, as one of the chain propagators is supposed to be a highly reactive molecule resulting from the oxidation of the combustible substance. Consequently i t would be expected for any given inert gas the factor o ~ x / ~ ~ M would decrease slightly in the series H, to P,. For a similar reason the mass factor would also tend to decrease. Thus the two regularities, larger and greater range of p far the re- actions involving lighter molecules of the oxidisable substance is accounted for by the approximate theory. Summary. The effect of foreign gases on six oxidation chain reactions is sum- marised and discussed, the reactions being the oxidation of H,, CHI, PHs, H,S, CS, and P,. Certain regularities in the influence of these gases are pointed out and shown to be in agreement with theory so far as it has been developed. For instance, the inert gas has a greater accelera- tive influence on those reactions involving the oxidation of light molecules. The available experimental data would appear to indicate, on the basis of these calculations, that the mass of the chain carrier molecules increases with the mass of the molecule of the combustible substance. The author wishes to thank Dr. E. B. Ludlam for his interest in the paper and the Carnegie Trustees for a scholarship during the tenure of which this work was carried out. Chemistr y Department, University of Edinburgh.

ISSN:0014-7672    

DOI:10.1039/TF9322800814

出版商:RSC    

年代:1932

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure.This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point.These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility.The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.

ISSN:0014-7672    

DOI:10.1039/TF9322800818

出版商:RSC    

年代:1932

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure.This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point.These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility.The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13. 8 2 2 REVIEWS OF BOOKS REVIEWS OF BOOKS. Physics. (“ Mechanics and Sound,” by A. WILMER DUFF, Editor. ‘‘ Wave Motion and Light,” revised by R. T. BIRGE and E. E. HALL. ‘‘ Heat,” by C. E. MENDENHALL. “ Electricity and Magnetism,” by A. P. CARMAN and C.T. KNOPP. Seventh Revised Edition, 1932. London: J. & R. Churchill. Pp. xiv + 681 with 630 illustrations and 44 tables. Price 18s. net. Intermediate Physics. By C. J. SMITH. (London: Edward Arnold & Co., 1932. Pp. viii + 650. Price 14s. net. Part I, Fundamental Measurements and the Properties of Matter. Part 11, Heat. Part 111, Optics. Part IV, Acoustics. Part V, Magnetism and Electricity.REVIEWS OF BOOKS 823 The Ingenious Dr. Franklin. Selected Scientific Letters of Benjamin Franklin. Edited by NATHAN G. GOODMAN. University of Pennsylvania Press and Oxford University Press, 1931. Pp. xi -t 244. Price, I 5s. net. This is a fascinating and instructive collection of some of Franklin’s letters on scientific subjects. The letters are classified under the heads of Practical Schemes and Suggestions, Divers Experiments and Observations, Scientific Deductions and Conjectures.It is delightful to read of the small boy using his kite to pull him over a pond and of the man (still with the enquiring and ingenious mind of the boy) experimenting with electricity, with magic squares, and with balloons, making himself bi-focal spectacles and constructing the fore-runner of the Froude tank in order to experi- ment upon the effect of the depth of water on the speed of boats. Assuredly these letters justify the author’s choice of a title. James Clerk Maxwetl. A Commemorative volume, 1831-1931. (Cambridge University Press, 1931. Pp. 146. Price 6s. net.) The volume contains the commemorative addresses delivered on the occasion of the centenary celebrations in Cambridge, amplified somewhat to read as essays.Sir J. J. Thomson in 44 pages tells of the man and of his work ; Professor Planck of Maxwell’s influence on theoretical physics in Germany ; Professor Einstein of his influence on the development of the conception of physical reality. Then Sir Joseph Larmor writes of his scientific environment, Sir James Jeans of the method of the intuitive theoretical physicist, Professor Garnett of his laboratory, and Sir Ambrose Fleming, as one of his most eminent students, fittingly described some memories of the man and of his work. It is right that so distinguished a collection of essays should be brought together in one volume, and there will be many who will wish to possess it. Wireless Receivers: The Principles of their Design.By C. W. OATLEY, with a preface by Professor 0. W. RICHARDSON. (Methuen’s Monographs on Physical subjects. London : Methuen Ce Co., Ltd. Pp. 7 + 103. Price 2s. 6d. net.) This admirable little book is in keeping with the other monographs in the series and will be found of general interest to physicists and physical chemists who find it burdensome to follow the special technical (and at times semi-popular) literature to which the bibliography makes reference. All stages of wireless receivers and their essential components are compactly described. Mathematics. By B. B. Low. (London: Longmans Gxeen Cst Co., 1931. Pp. vii + 448. Price 12s. 6d. net.) The volume is intended for those who are or hope to beengaged in engineering, It covers a wide and sufficient field and is provided with physics, and chemistry.ample exercises for the student. A History of Fire and Flame. By OLIVER C. DE C. ELLIS. Pp. xxiv + 436. (The Poetry London : Lover’s Fellowship with the International Fellowship of Literature. Simpkin Marshall, Ltd., 1932. Price 15s. net.) Dt. Ellis has at least two calls on his audience. He is known to readers of He appeals, these Transactions as an authority on fire and flame and explosions.824 REVIEWS OF BOOKS however, to a wider field in which he is recognised as a writer of charm and a poet. His book will attract both classes. For the literary minded, scientific fact is clearly explained, and for the sober man of science there is a wealth of information conveyed in language which is, happily, not haunted by the spectre of an adverse publications fund.There are few of us who cannot find joy in a book which is constantly reminding us of things read long ago or of the things we wish now we had read-this line of Virgil, that quotation from Shakespeare. Dr. Ellis' history of flame is fascinating for its facts, but yet more interesting for the scholarliness with which it is written. It will have been gathered that the book provides no meal for the reader whose history must be predigested and potted or brought into tabloid form. But would such a reader have enough imagination to visualise the interest of the subject? Fire and flame throughout the ages I Dr. Ellis must have had a fascinating time when collecting his materials ; fortunately he has the facility to make his readers share his joy.I t would be useless to seek to indicate the contents of the book within a short compass. The chapter headings provide no clue by their recital-the reviewer is still trying to capture the allusion contained in the whimsical heading to Chapter IX. Suffice it to echo the quotations on the dust-cover-" Rich and vivid '' says Lascelles Abercrombie ; '' Every Page aglint with Imagination " says Walter de la Mare. Let there only be added that this is not solely an example of Belles Lettres, but that it is scientifically and historically worth while. It is not merely a history of man's conception of flames, but tells of the uses to which man has thought to put combustion throughout the ages. Perhaps, indeed, the scientific reader will get more enjoyment, even of the literary aspects of the book, than the reader whose technical equipment is lacking. For instance, '' Meanwhile Europe was solving its problems in its own way, and that was the employment of the gas which Clayton and Hales had derived from pit-coal by distillation. Like the Chinese natural gas it might be conveyed along pipes, and it would not condense-not all of it." ABERDEEN : THE C'NIVERSITY PRESS

ISSN:0014-7672    

DOI:10.1039/TF9322800822

出版商:RSC    

年代:1932

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure.This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point.These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13. THE EFFECT OF OXYGEN PRESSURE ON THE CORROSION OF STEEL. Reply by A. R. LEE to the Discussion by Dr. U. R. Evans and Mr. C. W. B0rgmann.l Although Dr. Evans and Mr. Borgmann object t o my conclusions regarding the function of oxygen in the corrosion process they have not brought forward any conclusive evidence to show that dissolved oxygen can in any way reduce the corrosion of a steel specimen. The result of whirling experiments can be explained similarly to those of Forrest, Roetheli and Brown, without reference to any passifying action of dissolved oxygen.With regard to the effects of still higher pressures than those con- sidered in Fig. 4 i t is already stated in the paper that Chaudron, whose results are in general confirmed by my own, has used pressures up to 120 atmospheres without finding any lowering of the corrosion curve. I can scarcely imagine that Dr. Evans and Mr. Borgmann are serious when they quote the results of their paper in Zeitschrift f u r physikal- ische Chemie as evidence that oxygen can produce a reduction in the area suffering corrosion. The photographs in this paper show that under atmospheres of both oxygen and purified air the attacked areas are practically identical and i t is evident that in the absence of details of the reproducibility in either atmosphere any attempt to theorise from the difference between these areas would be quite unfounded.They now state that when nitrogen free from oxygen was employed the corrosion “extended right up to the waterline.” But in the original paper the corrosion under these conditions was described as showing “only a slight etching and a dark green skin at the waterline; the remainder of the specimen was quite unaltered.” In either event, how- ever, the results are in entire disagreement with some recently obtained at Teddington. Here i t has been found that with specimens (in a thermostat) half immersed in potassium chloride for about ZOO days the area attacked with an oxygen atmosphere may be actually 50 per cent greater than that with purified air.The experiments of Travers and Aubert did not include any corrosion measurements and have no relevant bearing on the problem of inhibition by oxygen. I t has been found experimentally in this laboratory that protection can be produced on a corroding specimen by the so-called “ cathodic ” alkali a t places where there is little or no oxygen in the neighbouring solution. The concluding remarks by Dr. Evans and Mr. Borgmann centre largely round the definition of an inhibitor, but i t is impossible to call oxygen an inhibitor when the rate of corrosion is proportional to the amount of oxygen reaching the metal surface. Localised protection See p. 813 referring to p. 707. 825 54826 “ THE VIBRATORY MOVEMENT ” I N FLAMES of a corroding specimen may be produced by the secondary products of the corrosion process, but this protection is exactly compensated by an equivalent increased attack a t some other place. The hypothet- ical “ controversy” that is suggested does not arise in the present state of knowledge.

ISSN:0014-7672    

DOI:10.1039/TF9322800825

出版商:RSC    

年代:1932

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure.This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point.These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility.The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure.This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point.These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility.The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No.13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure.This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility.The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions.Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.

ISSN:0014-7672    

DOI:10.1039/TF9322800826

出版商:RSC    

年代:1932

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure.This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point.These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility.The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure.This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.

ISSN:0014-7672    

DOI:10.1039/TF9322800840

出版商:RSC    

年代:1932

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure.This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point.These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility.The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure.This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point.These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility.The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No.13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure.This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility.The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.

ISSN:0014-7672    

DOI:10.1039/TF9322800845

出版商:RSC    

年代:1932

数据来源: RSC