摘要:

118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure.This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point.These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility.The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure.This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point.These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.

ISSN:0014-7672    

DOI:10.1039/TF9272300242

出版商:RSC    

年代:1927

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure.This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point.These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility.The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure.This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point.These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility.The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.

ISSN:0014-7672    

DOI:10.1039/TF9272300248

出版商:RSC    

年代:1927

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure.This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point.These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility.The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure.This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point.These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility.The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No.13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.

ISSN:0014-7672    

DOI:10.1039/TF9272300256

出版商:RSC    

年代:1927

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure.This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point.These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility.The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13. 2 66 REVIEWS OF BOOKS REVIEWS OF BOOKS. Stainless Iron and Steel. By J. H. G. MONYPENNY, F.INsT.P. (London, Price 21s.) The remarkable development of stainless steels since their introduction by Brearley in I913 is an indication of the demand for engineering materials possessing the range of strength and ductility obtainable only in steel, combined with a greatly increased resistance to corrosion and oxidation.The annual cost to the world of the corrodibility of steel amounts to figures which at first sight seem fantastically high. It is only the relatively high first cost of the stainless steels which stands in the way of a far more rapid increase in their use. The author, by his wide experience in the study and manufacture of stainless steels, in association with Brearley, was exceptionally well qualified to write the first comprehensive book on the subject and has discharged his task with conspicuous success. The point of view is practical but the author’s treatment is thoroughly scientific wherever possible ; it must be admitted that much of our knowledge of the stainless steels is still empirical. The book is packed with 1926: Chapman & Hall Ltd.Pp. ix + 304 with 22 plates.REVIEWS OF BOOKS 2 6 7 information and quantitative data, on nearly all aspects of the subject, gained in the laboratory and steel works with which the author is associated or in the works of other manufacturers. It is specially strong on the metallographical side. The relation of properties to structure and the effect on both of these of heat-treatment and the position and character of the thermal critical points are held in view throughout. All the stainless steels owe their resistance to corrosion to their chromium content in the first place and it is only in the newer ‘‘ austenitic” varieties that the presence of other alloy elements, nickel in particular, is necessary to secure the special type of non-corrodibility required.The stainless steels used for cutlery and for many engineering purposes differ little from the composition first developed by Brearley, with about 1 3 per cent. chromium and 0.3 per cent. carbon, while “stainless iron,” otherwise similar in composition but with about 0.1 per cent. of carbon, has its own field of application owing to its greater ductility and its capacity for being cold-worked without losing resistance to corrosion. A knowledge of the iron-chromium-carbon series of alloys is there- fore of primary importance, though the effect of additions of nickel, molybdenum, etc., and of variation in silicon, manganese and sulphur content may be lsrge.The consideration of the relative corrodibility of different stainless steels and the observation that no variety resists all types of corrosive attack may obscure the fact that the corrodibility of steel is enormously diminished by a chromium content exceeding 1 2 per cent., to such an extent indeed that it becomes practically incorrodible in the conditions of many kinds of actual service. An interesting historical sketch is followed by chapters on the influence of chromium on the structure and hardness of steel, the manufacture and treatment of stainless steel, mechanical and physical properties, influence of varying treatment and composition on resistance to corrosion, resistance to different corroding media, “ special ” stainless steels, and applications of stainless steels.The significance of the low carbon content, about 0.3 per cent., of tlie eutectoid (pearlite) and the importance of carbon content generally in stainless steels are rightly stressed by the author. I n general, resistance to corrosion increases with increasing chromium and diminishing carbon content ; the limita- tion of the operation of these factors by other considera:ions is clearly explained. The treatment and mechanical properties of the stainless steels are largely influenced by the effect of chromium in raising the temperature of the Ac, and Ar, critical points and retarding the separation of ferrite and carbide during cooling, and by the accentuation of the latter effect when the initial temperature is raised.The development of steels specially resistant to particular forms of corrosion and the wide range of mechanical properties, controlled by variation of composition and treatment, now give a choice of stainless steels comparable in variety with all the other alloy steels taken together. Among the useful purposes served by Mi-. Monypenny’s book are the restoration of order in this seeming confusion, and guidance in the selection of suitable types of stainless steel according to the purpose in view. The author makes some interesting observations on the patent position, and due credit is given to Strauss and Maurer for their independent development of austenitic stainless steels. The book is written in a clear and direct style and is very readable.On some points the explanations given are perhaps longer than is necessary for the scientific metallurgist, but these are probably well worth while in view of the wide circle of readers to whom the book will appeal. The use of “Brinell” as a verb (p. 124 <‘they were quenched out in water and268 REVIEWS OF BOOKS subsequently Brinelled”) is more appropriate to the workshop than to a scientific treatise. The abundant illustrations do justice to the well-known skill of the author in photomicrography and the printing and production of the book are excellent. In this respect indeed, the publishers have gone to extremes. The book is not a large one if judged by its contents, yet it weighs 24 lbs. Of the 304 numbered pages 14 are completely blank and 10 contain only the title of a chapter which appears again in its proper place. A stout, heavily loaded paper is necessary for the photomicrographs but not for the rest of the contents.A book of this weight is physically burdensome to read if held in the hand. The value of its contents is such as to render quite unnecessary any attempt to make the book appear more substantial than it really is. It is probably safe to assume that every maker of stainless steel already has Mr. Monypenny’s book. All who are interested in the use or study of any of the many varieties of this increasingly important material cannot do better than make themselves well acqainted with the book. Wireless Pictures and Television. By T. THORNE BAKER. (London : The author is an enthusiast in his subject and his survey of the progress which has so far been made in the telegraphy of pictures reflects his keen interest.He has, however, found difficulty in deciding as to what type of reader he is addressing. Modern developments in wireless telephony have led to the growth of a large class of ‘( amateurs ” with very limited scientific know- ledge. The book appears to be addressed mainly to this class ; much matter of an elementary nature is introduced in order to make the story intelligible to such readers, who, nevertheless, are unlikely to appreciate the occasional mathematical treatment. Perhaps the most striking instance, of the manner in which the author thus falls between two stools, occurs in Chapter III., where, after the author feels it necessary to explain the nature of a galvanometer, he proceeds in the next few pages to discuss the Einthoven galvanometer and the cathode ray oscillograph. The ample references to original papers, however, render the book useful to the more serious worker. It is well written and free from serious printers’ errors. The illustrations are admirably reproduced. Report of the Committee of t h e Privy Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, for t h e year 1925.1926. (London, H.M.S.O. ; Paper wpr. Pp. iv -F 178. 3s. net.) This publication gives, inter alia, the report of the Advisory Council and a summary of the work of the Research Organisations of the Department, and deals with developments in the organisation of research in other parts of the ‘Empire. The Development and Present Position of Chemical Analysls by Emission Spectra. By F. TWYMAN. (London: Adam Hilger, Ltd. Pp. 43. 2 s . 6d. net.) The booklet comprises two lectures delivered before the Sheffield Metal- H. M. Constable & Co. Ltd. Pp. 88, x. Price 6s. 6d. net.) lurgical Association in December, 1924. ABERDEEN : THE UNIVERSITY PREES

ISSN:0014-7672    

DOI:10.1039/TF9272300266

出版商:RSC    

年代:1927

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure.This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point.These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility.The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure.This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point.These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility.The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No.13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure.This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility.The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions.Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure.This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure.This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility.The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure.This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point.These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility.The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No.13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point.These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point.These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility.The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.

ISSN:0014-7672    

DOI:10.1039/TF9272300269

出版商:RSC    

年代:1927

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure.This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point.These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility.The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure.This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point.These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.

ISSN:0014-7672    

DOI:10.1039/TF9272300295

出版商:RSC    

年代:1927

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure.This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point.These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility.The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure.This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.

ISSN:0014-7672    

DOI:10.1039/TF9272300301

出版商:RSC    

年代:1927

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure.This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point.These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility.The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure.This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13. IONISATION IN FLAMES OF VARIOUS ORGANIC SUBSTANCES. (InvestQations made at fh Air Minisfry Laboratory, Imperial College of Science and Technology, and publishd by permission of the Director of Scientiyfc Research, Air Miaistry.) BY J. A. J. BENNETT, CARNEGIE RESEARCH FELLOW. Received 31st March, 1927. The study of the phenomenon of detonation in internal combustion engines has recently given rise to many subsidiary problems of fundamental importance. I t has been suggested by many writers that ionisation is one of the chief causes of detonation, though no relation has yet been discovered between the former and the latter. Up till now attention has been devoted mainly to the study of ionisation in gaseous explosions.The object of the present experiments was to determine the correlation, if any, between the degree of ionisation of various substances in flames aqd the amount of detonation in an engine cylinder charged with fuels containing these substances. The range of investigation includes an experimental study of ionisation in flames of hexane, ether, alcohol, coal gas, etc., and the effect of adding iron carbonyl, amyl nitrite, etc.,-substances which alter the highest useful compression ratio (H.U.C.R.) of a fuel. All gases conduct electricity, but very dclicate apparatus is required to show that some gases in their natural state possess this property even to a small extent. Unless ions have been produced by raising the temperature, by exposure to active rays, or by some other method, all gases are relatively good insulators. One of the oldest methods of obtaining gases in an ionised state is by producing flame.Giese,2 by studying the electrical properties of gases coming from flames, discovered the theory which is now used to explain gaseous conductivity. The current passing between two electrodes at different potentials immersed in gaseous media is a t present considered to be due to the movement of the electrons towards the anode and the positive ions towards the cathode. The mobility of the former is of a higher order than the latter, except possibly when the electrons become attached to neutral atoms. At higher temperatures the neutral atoms (M) of gaseous elements dissociate into ions (&) and electrons manner :- + - M Z M + E - U, where U is the energy absorbed in the process.The H.U.C.R. is the highest compression ratio which it is worth while to employ with a given fuel. If the compression ratio is raised above this limit excessive detonation leading to pre-ignition and loss of power is obtained. For full information on this subject reference is made to the Aeronautical Research Committee publication, R. & M. No. 1013, on Ddpes and Detonation by Callendar, King, and Sims. Wied. Ann., 17, 519, 1882. 307308 IONISATION I N FLAMES OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES - Saha,s assuming that the electron is a monatomic gas of atomic weight 1/1836 and the energy U to be the product of the ionisation potential and the electronic charge, has recently developed a theory of thermal ionisation of gaseous elements at high temperatures which has received confirmation by experiments with salt vapours in flames at particular temperatures by Noyes and Wilson,4 B a r n e ~ , ~ and for variation in temperature by the writer.d Garner and Saunders,' by using an Einthoven galvanometer for measuring the percentage of ionisation occurring in explosions of hydrogen and oxygen, found that Saha's theory holds approximately for gaseous explosions and therefore that the ionisation is mainly thermal as in flames.The similarity between the origin of ionisation in flames and explosions suggests that the present experiments may throw light or shadow on the views ex- pressed by other writers on the relation between ionization and detonation, concerning which there is much diversity of opinion.Measurement of Ionisation. Since the mobility of the electrons is so great compared with that of the positive ions, the current passing between two electrodes immersed in the excited flame medium is almost solely due to the electricity carried by the electrons. Accordingly, the electrical conductivity is proportional to the number of electrons present, and since the number of electrons is equal to the number of positive ions, the conductivity may be taken as a measure of the ionisation. The specific conductivity at a point in the region between the electrodes depends upon the potential gradient at the point as well as the current per unit area of one of the electrodes, guarded to ensure that the lines of force between the electrodes go straight across.The present experiments were not intended to measure the absolute value of the ionisa- tion, and no measurement of the potential gradient at various points between the electrodes was made ; it was therefore unnecessary to have one of the electrodes guarded. Precautions were taken to keep the electrodes at a constant distance apart, to keep their position constant in the flame and to keep the temperature of the flame constant ; the area of the electrodes and the difference of potential between the latter remained unchanged. The current under these conditions is practically a measure of the degree of ionisation. Descrz3tion of Apparaius.--Two platinum electrodes each 3 centimetre square were placed just over the inner cone of an ordinary bunsen flame.They were made of thick foil and welded to wires 3 millimetre in thickness. The wire connected to the cathode was made of platinum, but the anode was attached to the junction of two wires, one made of platinum, the other of platinum-rhodium. The temperature of the anode could therefore easily be kept constant, the wires leading to the anode being connected to a millivoltmeter supplied by the Cambridge Scientific Instrument Company. The horizontal distance between the electrodes was a little over a centimetre, and this distance was kept constant by passing the wires through quartz tubes of small bore fused together lengthwise. A battery of small cells supplied a constant potential difference of 30 volts between the electrodes and the current passing through the flame medium was measured by a Kelvin galvanometer, the sensitiveness of which :;Phil.Mag., 40, 478, 1920. Physical Rev., February, 1924. 7 Trans. Far. SOC., October, 1926. 4 Astroph. Jouv., 57, 20, 1923. 8 Phil. Mag., Vol. 3, January, 1927.J. A. J. BENNETT 309 could be adjusted by a control steel magnet. The deflection on the galvano- meter scale indicated a fairly steady current when the flame was shielded by a chimney. The effect of various substances on the conductivity of the flame was studied, the method of introducing each substance depending on its volatility. The more volatile substances were mixed with the air before entering the flame ; the less volatile substances were burned at the end of a quartz tube introduced at the mouth of the burner.Care must be taken to have the connecting wires well insulated and the electrodes free from deposit. The FIarne Constituents. Since the ionisation depends on (a) the nature, and (6) the concentra- tion of the flame constituents, (c) the temperature of the flame, (d) the distance of the electrodes from one another, and (e) the amount of deposit on the electrodes, it was necessary to eliminate all these variables except (a), as far as possible, if the true effect of each substance was to be deter- mined. By examination of the table of results it will be noticed that some substances decrease whilst others increase the conductivity of the flame. The action is not a catalytic one, but the variation of the conductivity of the flame is due to the variation of the concentration of electrons in the flame. ‘The presence of substances of low ionisation potential-which is the potential required to give an electron enough energy to ionise a neutral atom-increases the number of electrons present in the flame and there- fore increases the current ; substances of high ionisation potential decrease the electron concentration and therefore decrease the current.The following results with the Bunsen flame and the addition of various substances are typical of results obtained with other flames, as will be pointed out later. Substaxe. Nitrogen Compounds Aniline Methyl-aniline Di-methyl-aniline Benzyl-ethyl-aniline Xylidine Nitrogen-peroxide Ammonia Phenyl hydrazine Amyl-nitrite Picric acid Carbonyls Iron-carbonyl lU Nickel-carbonyl Organic oxides, etc.Benzoyl-peroxide Hydrogen-peroxide Ether Effect on Effect on Ionisation. Detonation.8 Slightly decreases Delays I , I 11 , I ,, slightly ,, increases ,, , t Decreases I , 9 Markedly induces I , Slightly delays Little effect Slightly induces Markedly decreases Greatly induces Greatly increases Induces Greatly increases Greatly delays Greatly increases Greatly induces , I ,, Little effect Cooling effect Induces I , Halogens and Halogen Iodine Greatly increases Delays Compounds Bromine , t ,, Slightly induces Ethylene dibromine I , ,, ,, delays Dichlorethylene , ,, Slightly induces Acetylene tetrabromide Increases Chloroform Greatly iricreases Lit?le effec;’ 8 Information obtained from the report on Dopes and Detonation by Callendar, King, 9 Dark flame between electrodes only.’0 Reddish-brown depxit on cathode only. and Simsl and from experiments made by the staff of the Air Ministry Laboratory.310 IONISATION IN FLAMES OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES Substance. Effect on Ionisation. Effecct on Detonations- Aldehydes Valeraldehyde Slightly decreases Slightly delays Propylaldehyde Decreases Little effect Paraldehyde Slightly decreases Slightly delays Oenanthol I , Little effect Acetaldehyde I, ,, Slightly delays Miscellaneous Lead xylyl Greatly increases Markedly delays. Ethyl fluid l1 I , ,, Greatly delays Carbon-disulphide Decreases Delays Tin oleate Greatly increases Little effect Sulphonal decreases Delays Water Cooiing effect I , Ethyl alcohol ,I I , I Experiments with Different Flames.Various experiments were made to confirm the results tabulated above by using flames other than the ordinary Bunsen. The influence of the various substances on the ionisation in a hexane flame was examined and thereafter the ionisation in flames of the substances themselves was determined. The method of producing the hexane flame consisted in burning a mixture of air and hexane vapour at the ends of four small quartz tubes which were sealed with sealing-wax to a rubber stopper. A long flame was thus produced and the electrodes were placed in the flame just over the inner cones. The rubber stopper was fitted to a vessel containing cotton wool soaked in hexane through which a stream of air was passed. The air, which was supplied under slight pressure from a ten-gallon drum, was dried and freed from carbondioxide by passing through a tower of granular calcium chloride, then through soda-lime and then by bubbling through concentrated sulphuric acid.The flow of air was adjusted by means of a screw clip. The cathode became coated with deposit very easily and since the current varies very greatly with the amount of deposit on the cathode it was necessary to make each experiment as quickly as possible. The hexane was doped with each substance in turn and the results obtained were exactly similar to those given in the above table. To complete the investigation, the hexane vessel was replaced by a weighing bottle containing the substance in liquid form to be exlmined. The weighing bottle was surrounded by a beaker of water placed on an iron plate which could be heated at will by a Bunsen flame.In this way the less volatile substances were vaporised. The air in some cases. bubbled through the liquid and in others merely passed over the surface, the extent of the contact of the air with the liquid being varied to give the mixture strength desired. The amount of liquid used during each experi- ment was determined by weighing the bottle and contents before and after. In this way the mixture strength used in each case was kept constant. The temperature, of course, was kept constant as before by using the platinum- rhodium thermocouple. Those substances in the foregoing table which could be used in this way gave results which showed that flames of substances which increase or decrease the ionisation of a Bunsen flame possess electrical conductivity to a greater or less degree respectively.11" Ethyl fluid" consists of a mixture of lead-tetra-ethyl and ethylene dibromide in the proportion of 3 grams of theformer to 2 grams of the latter.J. A. J. BENNETT 31’ I n addition flames of u B.P.” petrol, benzene, pentane, acetone, pseudo- cumol, turpentine, and various mixtures were used; a mixture of two substances was found to give a flame the conductivity of which lies between the separate conductivities of the two substances, e . 6 , L L B.P.” petrol and carbondisulphide. The current obtained with (‘B.P. ” petrol alone was 0 - 7 microamp., with CS, alone 0.03 microamp., with a mixture containing 2 5 per cent.CS,, and 75 per cent. petrol 0.1 microamp. Conclusion. It is evident from these results that although in many cases knock- inducers increase and anti-knocks decrease the ionisation of flames, this is by no means generally so. Consequently, Wendt and Grimms’ theory IB that the advance of free electrons before the flame front ionises the unburnt gas, thus increasing the rate of flame propagation and causing detonation, does not seem at all possible in the light of the present results. If this theory were correct an increase in the ionisation of the flame would increase the rate of flame propagation and induce detonation. But the carbonyls. do not behave in this manner. Neither does the view of Charch, Mack, and Boord,lS that there is a direct relationship between the intensity of detonation and ionisation receive confirmation. Certainly for particular substances ionisation will increase with increase of knocking since there is a rise in temperature, but the degree of ionisation is not generally a criterion from which to estimate the intensity of detonation, for the carbonyls become exceedingly ionised in flames and the nitrites remain relatively in the neutral state whereas the former tend to delay, the latter to induce, detonation. We must therefore conclude that, although ionisation accompanies detonation as it does all flame phenomena, there is no simple relationship between them. Ionisation does not appear to be either a cause or effect of detonation, but mainly a temperature effect. The aboce work forms part of an investigation on the cause and prevention of detonation in the internal combustion engine made at the Air Ministry Laboratory, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London. I t was prosecuted under the supervision of Professor H. L. Callendar, C.B.E., LL.D., F.R.S., and with the help of Dr. E. W. J. Mardles, F.I.C., to both of whom the author is deeply indebted. lay. Ind. Eng. Chem., 1924, 16, Sgo. 13 Ibid., April, 1926.

ISSN:0014-7672    

DOI:10.1039/TF9272300307

出版商:RSC    

年代:1927

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure.This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point.These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility.The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order.The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13. J. A. J. BENNETT 31' THE LAW OF CAPILLARY FLOW IN THE CASE OF COLLOIDS.BY PROFESSOR ALFRED W. PORTER, 4ND P. A. M. RAO. Received I 2 th April, I 9 2 7. I t is well known that Poiseuille's equation for the flow of liquids in a capillary tube is not applicable to the case of sols and suspensions ; that is to heterogeneous systems in general. Various arbitrary modifications have been proposed in order to accommodate the equation to the experimental facts. These are not all satisfactory because they are not founded on an312 LAW OF CAPILLARY FLOW IN CASE OF COLLOIDS scientific basis and, in some cases, they da not even satisfy the principle of dimensions. I n order to extend our knowledge it is of doubtful use to introduce modifications into Poiseuille's equation itself; we must go further back to the mechanical basis on which that equation depends.I n deriving the equation the viscous force per unit area at any inter- face is taken as being a constant times the gradient of velocity ( - &) at right angles to the surface : the constant being the (coefficient of) viscosity (p). I t is the constancy of p that is in question when we are dealing with hetero- geneous media. There is no fundamental reason why it should be a constant. I t has been found to be so for simple liquids, but it may not be so in general. Nearly all physical factors (such as thermal conductivity, elastic constants, etc.) are found, in the long run, to be variables. I t is apparently insufficient, in general, to take the viscous force per unit area as being a constant x - and some other more complicated function of the rate of sheer must be assumed ; for example the constant may be replaced by po + a - where po and a are constants; or by such other function as may satisfy ex- periments.I n order to obtain sets 'I of data obtained as nearly a5 possible under similar con- ditions we have made de- terminations by the capillary tube method of the flow under various pressure-gradients of various sols, in particular sols of starch of three concentra- The horizontal capillary tube (about 35 crns. long) was completely immersed in a constant temperature tank. The pressure was applied by means of a large gas cylinder in which air was compressed to the pressure required; the value of the pressure was determined by a liquid manometer. The back pressure due to surface tension at the exit of the capillary was eliminated by the exit being made just to touch the surface of the liquid collected ; this adjustment could be maintained owing to the collecting vessel being rnounted on a levelling table,' the length of which was altered throughout the course of an experiment.The capillary tube was carefully calibrated ; the radius given is half the mean of 12 diameters. The liquids used were, in the main, very viscous and therefore it was not thought necessary to introduce any correction for the kinetic energy of flow. The final data for starch sols are given in the following tables A, B, C. I n each case the capillary tube was 37.5 crns. long and of radius 0.0376 cms. The starch (pure soluble starch) was mixed with a small quantity of cold distilled water to form a thick paste.Boiling distilled water was then added until the required dilution was obtained. The sol was finally filtered through a close-textured piece of cloth. An interval of 48 hours was dV 3 Zf ar av Q ar 'I5 '05 104 2 x 10' tions. FIG. I.-Starch sols. A IO'/,,, B So/,, C 6'1,.A. W. PORTER AND P. A. M. RAO 313 allowed to elanse before the sol was used in the case of A and 24 hours in the case of B i n d C. A. Starch Sol., 10 per cent. (C=WI), Temp. 12.3" C., Density 1.025 €3. Starch Sol., 8 p e ~ cent. (c=.oS), Temp. 15'95~ C., Density I*OO; C. Starch Sol., 6 per cent. (c=*06), Temp. 14'13' C., Density 1-00 - Wt. dected ?rams). - 1.127 4.2 I 10'35 1894 29.66 44'57 56-49 55'38 2.354 6'133 10'739 21.286 40.947 55'869 57'238 53'737 3.86 6.36 14.85 19-54 19-07 31'52 34-25 39.12 -- Time cconds). ___ 759 624'4 6082 610'4 613.4 615% 607.7 433'3 776'5 713'0 711.4 715'4 720% 543'6 424'1 375'2 607'6 603.0 605.5 425'5 303'5 304'6 251.6 242% Volume Time -__ - i x 108).1'449 6'579 16.61 30'28 47-18 70.62 90.69 124'9 3'264 8'547 15-00 29'50 56.44 134'1 142.3 102'1 6'320 10'49 24'39 45'66 62'48 102.9 135'4 160'3 __ 'ressure Drop, n. of Hg. - 6'74 12-47 19-65 2@46 34'17 4 1'89 48-84 59'50 2.28 5'24 8.24 13'49 33'89 41'53 43'61 2-15 4-13 7'74 13.18 18-26 28.99 37'10 43-12 21'21 Pnsswe Gradient, G. Dyneelem. Interpretation. To interpret these curves we may assume that the viscosity is a function of the rate of shear-diminishing as that rate increases. The value of the viscosity cannot always be directly determined from the curves of flow.The observed flow (Q) is only obtained by a double integration from the original equation in which the dependence of the viscosity upon the rate of shear is expressed and by these integrations the transverse rate of shear is eliminated. The simplest assumption to make is that the viscosity (p) varies as an inverse power of the rate of shear Consider the case of uniform straight-line motion of the fluid in a capillary tube of radius R. Let G equal the longitudinal pressure gradient ( - $). Divide up the tube into coaxial cylinders. Select one of radius Y. Then the assumption of uniform flow requires that ( - 5). or314 NOTE ON THE SORET EFFECT and R m R m t 3 0 Q = j arvrdr = (8) =. In this case the dependence of Q upon the pressure gradient determines This form i5 found to satisfy the experimental points very fairly with m and consequently n. the following values :- C m n A *I 2 '5 B *08 1.3 2 5 C *a6 1.1 -091. If further we endeavour to make the curves fit in with the value for '011 f 6*4[1or]12 pure water we get finally, P = - 2 4 4 9 0 ~ ~ These numbers must not be taken to indicate more than the approximate laws of dependence of p upon the concentration. Universip CoZZege, London.

ISSN:0014-7672    

DOI:10.1039/TF9272300311

出版商:RSC    

年代:1927

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure.This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility. The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point.These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13.118 ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADBORPTTON The writer considers the double layer as consisting of a swface of rigidly fixed atoms under continuous bombardment of positively and negatively charged ions, any particular point on the rigid surface becoming in turn negative, neutral and positive, these conditions arisdg in any order. The observed contact difference is the average effect of these conditions. Where several kinds of atoms are present in the solution the average number of any one of them at the surface will depend on their concentbration, valency and mobility.The variation of contact Werence from negative to neutral and positive was observed with cotton and aluminium sulphate near the neutral point. These variations occurred during the same experiment, the readings being direct measurements of E.1I.F.s developed by filtration under pressure. This point would be covered by putting n2 = 1 and = 2 or 3 in Mukherjee’s equation No. 13. 314 NOTE ON THE SORET EFFECT NOTE ON THE SORET EFFECT. BY PROFESSOR ALFRED W. PORTER. (Received I 2 th April, I g 2 7.) THE gradient of concentration of a solution corresponding to a gradient of temperature (known as the Soret effect) may be explained on the following lines.Let h be the mean free path of the solute molecules, u, the mean velocity of agitation at a layer a distance h in front of the interface, and ug the mean velocity at a distance h behind it. If the molecular concentrations at these two layers are nl n2 and if we consider one-sixth of the molecules as moving on the average in any one direction at any time, then the number crossing the in- terface per unit area per unit time in one direction is -and in the other direction is When these are equal the local concentrations remain unchanged or d(nu) = 0. But u is proportional to the square root of the absolute temperature ; hence the condition for equilibrium becomes d(nTt) = 0. The degree of accuracy with which this simple equation is obeyed is seen by examining the important sets of experimental results obtained by Mr.C. C. Tanner,l 1 Trans. Farad. SOC., 23, 91, 1927. Consider an imaginary interface in the solution. nl% 6 6A. W. PORTER Normality I n. I '1. j Tr 3'685 1 48.90 25'00 2'945 49.00 25.00 2'210 48-30 24'60 1.472 An. a,T, i. nzTz*. - ,162 64'67 65.03 - -089 38.83 38.89 - ~ 2 5 51'74 51-92 3x5 48'60 24-80 - '057 48.90 25.20 1 -*026 I '738 I n this table nl = n - +An and n2 = n + +An, n being the when the solution is at uniform temperature, 25'90 25'89 12'92 1 12'97 di. i '0057 '0035 -016 - '003 I - '00035 normality I t is seen that the constancy of nT* is very good. Even the small We defect may be allowed for by a factor, i, depending on the ionisation. should now expect inT* to be constant or d(nT4) di + 7 = 0.I di In the last column I have tabulated the values of calculated from the formula. The proportionate change in i due to the change in temperature is so small that it is a question whether it does not fall within the range of experimental error : the greatest value due to the drop of 2 0 degrees being only 7 parts per thousand. For ex- ample, for H,SO, the values calculated for 7 are very considerable. This mode of examination is safer than that adopted by Mr. Tanner because 2 0 degrees drop in temperature is too large to be treated as a dif- ferential. The gradient of temperature may be practically uniform ; it will only differ from uniformity owing to the thermal conductivity varying with the concentration and owing to the escape of heat from the sides of the vessel. On the other hand, the gradient of concentration will not be uni- form.If it be assumed that T = To + bx where b is the gradient of tem- perature, and if nT* = const. = c then 2 This simplicity does not apply to the values for all substances. di z C?J (To + 6r)B from which the average value of n is and Here T, and To are the extreme temperatures. The value of n' may be identified with the "normality" of the solution ; the values An and AT are the differences of extreme values however great. Hence we see that I An the values of - - should be inversely proportional to the geometric Z AT mean of the extreme temperatures.3 I 6 VELOCITY OF DECOMPOSITION OF NITROACETIC ACID The presence of the factor i and its difference in different cases is prob- ably the cause of the difference of the Soret effect in different cases, for if then But if then d(inT6) = o dn I dT di - + - - + + = o . n 2 T E I dT di i 2 T _ - -_ - - - dn n _ - - 0. This is presumably nearly the case with CaCl,, MgCI2, LiCI, NH4Cl, and Li2S0,. It must be added that although i is a factor introduced to allow for the complications arising from ionisation it may not be simply the van’t Hoff constant.

ISSN:0014-7672    

DOI:10.1039/TF9272300314

出版商:RSC    

年代:1927

数据来源: RSC