摘要:

The muscles and motor nerves which contribute to the complex facial behavior of the coati (Nasua) have been investigated with techniques from various disciplines. (1) Anatomical techniques included gross dissection of embalmed and fresh heads, and microscopic examination of stained serial sections of the proboscis. The origin, insertion, relative size and shape of each of the facial muscles, and the general topography of the facial nerve from the stylomastoid foramen to its muscles were determined and represented by line drawings. (2) Physiological techniques incorporated monopolar electrical stimulation of individual branches of the facial nerve with simultaneous recording of the resulting movement on movie film. This procedure verified the innervation of a muscle by a particular nerve branch and displayed the action each muscle has on the moveable structures of the head (e.g., proboscis, vibrissae, pinnae, or lips). (3) Behavioral techniques involved analysis of microbehaviors, as recorded by high-speed movies, with respect to the coordinated activity of several individual muscles.The extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the proboscis were found to be numerous, anatomically complex, and capable of producing a variety of different movements. These morphological specializations correspond to the behavioral data which illustrate the coati's unusual propensity for delicate and intricate microbehaviors involving the proboscis.The relevance of this investigation is discussed in terms of a five-step program for the analysis of the anatomical and physiological features of motor systems responsible for overt behavior. The sequence of steps is as follows: (1) selection of microbehaviors; (2) detailed study of muscles underlying microbehaviors; (3) correlation of muscular activity with microbehaviors; (4) determination of the musculotopic organization of α-motor neurons; and (5) search for central motor circuits and correlation of higher neural activity with microbehaviors.

ISSN:0006-8977    

DOI:10.1159/000124405

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1973

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The muscles and motor nerves which contribute to the complex facial behavior of the coati (Nasua) have been investigated with techniques from various disciplines. (1) Anatomical techniques included gross dissection of embalmed and fresh heads, and microscopic examination of stained serial sections of the proboscis. The origin, insertion, relative size and shape of each of the facial muscles, and the general topography of the facial nerve from the stylomastoid foramen to its muscles were determined and represented by line drawings. (2) Physiological techniques incorporated monopolar electrical stimulation of individual branches of the facial nerve with simultaneous recording of the resulting movement on movie film. This procedure verified the innervation of a muscle by a particular nerve branch and displayed the action each muscle has on the moveable structures of the head (e.g., proboscis, vibrissae, pinnae, or lips). (3) Behavioral techniques involved analysis of microbehaviors, as recorded by high-speed movies, with respect to the coordinated activity of several individual muscles.The extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the proboscis were found to be numerous, anatomically complex, and capable of producing a variety of different movements. These morphological specializations correspond to the behavioral data which illustrate the coati's unusual propensity for delicate and intricate microbehaviors involving the proboscis.The relevance of this investigation is discussed in terms of a five-step program for the analysis of the anatomical and physiological features of motor systems responsible for overt behavior. The sequence of steps is as follows: (1) selection of microbehaviors; (2) detailed study of muscles underlying microbehaviors; (3) correlation of muscular activity with microbehaviors; (4) determination of the musculotopic organization of α-motor neurons; and (5) search for central motor circuits and correlation of higher neural activity with microbehaviors.

ISSN:0006-8977    

DOI:10.1159/000124408

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1973

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The muscles and motor nerves which contribute to the complex facial behavior of the coati (Nasua) have been investigated with techniques from various disciplines. (1) Anatomical techniques included gross dissection of embalmed and fresh heads, and microscopic examination of stained serial sections of the proboscis. The origin, insertion, relative size and shape of each of the facial muscles, and the general topography of the facial nerve from the stylomastoid foramen to its muscles were determined and represented by line drawings. (2) Physiological techniques incorporated monopolar electrical stimulation of individual branches of the facial nerve with simultaneous recording of the resulting movement on movie film. This procedure verified the innervation of a muscle by a particular nerve branch and displayed the action each muscle has on the moveable structures of the head (e.g., proboscis, vibrissae, pinnae, or lips). (3) Behavioral techniques involved analysis of microbehaviors, as recorded by high-speed movies, with respect to the coordinated activity of several individual muscles.The extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the proboscis were found to be numerous, anatomically complex, and capable of producing a variety of different movements. These morphological specializations correspond to the behavioral data which illustrate the coati's unusual propensity for delicate and intricate microbehaviors involving the proboscis.The relevance of this investigation is discussed in terms of a five-step program for the analysis of the anatomical and physiological features of motor systems responsible for overt behavior. The sequence of steps is as follows: (1) selection of microbehaviors; (2) detailed study of muscles underlying microbehaviors; (3) correlation of muscular activity with microbehaviors; (4) determination of the musculotopic organization of α-motor neurons; and (5) search for central motor circuits and correlation of higher neural activity with microbehaviors.

ISSN:0006-8977    

DOI:10.1159/000315958

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1973

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Frogs presented with two simultaneous andequipotent wormlike stimuli hesitated when the rival objects moved on opposite sides of the midline within the binocular visual field. Competition did not occur between double stimuli when they moved in opposite monocular fields, or both within the lateral view of one eye. Furthermore, the mutual inhibition generated by two nearby prey-objects rotating around the frog disappears after monocular blinding. These data suggest the operation of a crossed-inhibition mechanism between rostral portions of opposite tecta. The ipsilateral visual projections, which traverse the post-optic commissures, appear as likely pathways for this inhibitory process.

ISSN:0006-8977    

DOI:10.1159/000124406

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1973

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Action potentials of single afferent optic nervefibers were recorded from the fiber endings in the superficial layers of the tectum opticum of Salamandra s. Three layers of optic nerve fiber endings were found: layer 1 units on the very surface of the tectum, the layer of which is quite thin and which showed properties quite different from those known for the most superficial layer (class 1–2 neurons) of the anuran retina; layer-2 neurons which showed a short on-off response to diffuse light-on and light-off; and layer-3 neurons, which exhibited a tonic on or off response to diffuse light-on and light-off. Layer-2 neurons exhibited a subspecialization.The functional properties of the receptive field organization of the different classes of retinal neurons, the relationship between different stimulus parameters (angular velocity, size, contrast, average luminance) and the neuronal responses are described. A qualitative description of some tectal unit types is given.The different classes of neurons are compared with those of other amphibia and fish, and the experimental neurophysiological findings are compared with behavioral findings.

ISSN:0006-8977    

DOI:10.1159/000124407

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1973

数据来源: Karger