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11. |
HIV Seroconversion During Pregnancy and Risk for Mother-to-Infant Transmission |
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JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes,
Volume 26,
Issue 4,
2001,
Page 348-351
Anuvat Roongpisuthipong,
Wimol Siriwasin,
R. Simonds,
Varaporn Sangtaweesin,
Nirun Vanprapar,
Chantapong Wasi,
Sunee Singhanati,
Philip Mock,
Nancy Young,
Bharat Parekh,
Timothy Mastro,
Nathan Shaffer,
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摘要:
Pregnant women infected with HIV-1 were enrolled in a prospective mother-to-infant transmission study from 1992 through 1994 in Bangkok. In participating hospitals, voluntary HIV testing was routinely offered at the beginning of antenatal care and again in the middle of the third trimester of pregnancy. Women who seroconverted to HIV during pregnancy were compared with women who had tested positive on their first antenatal test. Maternal HIV RNA levels were determined during pregnancy, at delivery, and postpartum using RNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and infection status in infants was determined by DNA PCR. No infants were breast-fed, but prophylactic antiretroviral therapy was not yet used in Thailand to prevent transmission from mother to infant. Among enrolled women, 16 who seroconverted during pregnancy and 279 who were HIV-1–seropositive at their first antenatal test gave birth. Median plasma RNA levels at delivery were similar for the two groups (17,505 and 20,845 copies/ml, respectively;p= .8). Two (13.3%) of 15 infants born to women who seroconverted and 66 (24.8%) of 266 infants born to previously HIV-seropositive women were infected with HIV (p= .5). There was no increased risk for mother-to-infant HIV transmission and no significant difference in viral load at delivery between HIV-infected women who seroconverted to HIV during pregnancy and those who were HIV-seropositive when first tested.
ISSN:1525-4135
出版商:OVID
年代:2001
数据来源: OVID
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12. |
Low Carotenoid Concentration and the Risk of HIV Seroconversion in Pune, India |
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JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes,
Volume 26,
Issue 4,
2001,
Page 352-359
Sanjay Mehendale,
Mary Shepherd,
Ronald Brookmeyer,
Richard Semba,
Anand Divekar,
Raman Gangakhedkar,
Smita Joshi,
Arun Risbud,
Ramesh Paranjape,
Deepak Gadkari,
Robert Bollinger,
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摘要:
Low vitamin A and carotenoid levels could increase the risk of sexual HIV acquisition by altering the integrity of the genital epithelium or by immunologic dysfunction. We addressed this issue by measuring serum vitamin A and carotenoid levels in patients who were at risk of subsequent HIV infection. In a nested case-control study in individuals attending two sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics in Pune, India, serum micronutrient levels were measured in 44 cases with documented HIV seroconversion (11 women and 33 men) and in STD patients matched for gender and length of follow-up with no subsequent HIV seroconversion (controls). STD patients in Pune had low vitamin A and carotenoid levels, and low serum &bgr;-carotene levels were independently associated with an increased risk of subsequent HIV seroconversion. STD patients with &bgr;-carotene levels less than 0.075 &mgr;mol/L were 21 times more likely to acquire HIV infection than those with higher levels (adjusted odds ratio = 21.1;p= .01). No such association was observed in case of other non–provitamin A carotenoids. This study reports the first evidence of an association between low serum provitamin A carotenoid levels and an increased risk for heterosexual HIV acquisition in STD patients in Pune, India.
ISSN:1525-4135
出版商:OVID
年代:2001
数据来源: OVID
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13. |
Selenium Deficiency Is Associated With Shedding of HIV-1–Infected Cells in the Female Genital Tract |
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JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes,
Volume 26,
Issue 4,
2001,
Page 360-364
Jared Baeten,
Sara Mostad,
Martin Hughes,
Julie Overbaugh,
Daniel Bankson,
Kishorchandra Mandaliya,
Jeckoniah Ndinya-Achola,
Job Bwayo,
Joan Kreiss,
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摘要:
ObjectiveTo assess the relation between selenium deficiency and vaginal or cervical shedding of HIV-1–infected cells.DesignCross-sectional study of 318 HIV-1 seropositive women in Mombasa, Kenya.MethodsVaginal and cervical swab specimens were tested for the presence of HIV-1 DNA by polymerase chain reaction. Multivariate logistic regression models, adjusting for CD4 count and vitamin A deficiency, were used.ResultsSelenium deficiency (defined as levels <85 &mgr;g/L) was observed in 11% of the study population. In unstratified multivariate analyses, there was no significant association between selenium deficiency and vaginal or cervical shedding. In stratified analyses, however, significant associations became apparent after excluding women with predictors of shedding with strong local effects on the genital tract mucosa. Among women who did not use oral contraceptives and who did not have vaginal candidiasis, selenium deficiency was significantly associated with vaginal shedding (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0–8.8,p= .05). Effect modification was also observed in the relation between selenium deficiency and cervical shedding, with a significant association seen among those women who were not using oral contraceptive pills or depot medroxyprogesterone acetate and who did not haveNeisseria gonorrhoeaeinfection (AOR 2.8, 95% CI 1.1–7.0,p= .02).ConclusionsWe found selenium deficiency to be associated with a nearly threefold higher likelihood of genital mucosal shedding of HIV-1–infected cells, suggesting that deficiency may increase the infectiousness of women with HIV-1. Nutritional interventions to prevent HIV-1 transmission warrant investigation.
ISSN:1525-4135
出版商:OVID
年代:2001
数据来源: OVID
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14. |
Changes in HIV-1 Incidence in Heroin Users in Guangxi Province, China |
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JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes,
Volume 26,
Issue 4,
2001,
Page 365-370
Shenghan Lai,
Wei Liu,
Jie Chen,
Jiye Yang,
Zhi-Jun Li,
Rong-Jian Li,
Fu-Xung Liang,
Shao-Ling Liang,
Qu-Yang Zhu,
Xiao-Fang Yu,
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摘要:
Guangxi Province, China recently experienced an outbreak of HIV-1 infection among heroin users. We studied HIV-1 incidence rates and associated risk factors for HIV-1 infection among heroin users residing in Pingxiang City. A total of 318 heroin users were followed from February 1998 through January 1999 (median follow-up: 8.1 months). Of these, 130 were prospectively followed from January through September 1999 (median follow-up: 8.3 months). HIV-1 and hepatitis C virus (HCV) incidence rates for each period were calculated. A generalized estimating equation approach was implemented to identify independent risk factors associated with HIV-1 infection across both periods. Among 318 study participants, 97.2% were men. The median age was 22 years. Approximately 60% reported sharing needles. HIV-1 prevalence at baseline was 15.4%. During the first follow-up period, HIV-1 incidence was 2.38 per 100 person years (py), and HCV incidence was 26.8 per 100 py. During the second follow-up period, HIV-1 incidence was 6.86 per 100 py, and HCV incidence was 28.9 per 100 py. After controlling for age and other factors, HCV seropositivity, history of sexually transmitted diseases, and sharing needles were independently associated with HIV-1 infection. These data suggest that HIV-1 incidence was rising over time in Pingxiang City, Guangxi Province. The high incidence of HCV heightens the importance of enhanced prevention programs to reduce injection and needle sharing among heroin users.
ISSN:1525-4135
出版商:OVID
年代:2001
数据来源: OVID
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15. |
Risk of T-Cell Lymphomas in Persons With AIDS |
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JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes,
Volume 26,
Issue 4,
2001,
Page 371-376
Robert Biggar,
Eric Engels,
Morten Frisch,
James Goedert,
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摘要:
Lymphomas in persons with AIDS are mostly B-cell types, but T-cell lymphomas have also been reported. We examined T-cell lymphoma risk in the 2-year period after AIDS onset by linking 302,834 adults with AIDS to cancer registry data. Of 6,788 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) with specified histologies, 96 (1.4%) were T-cell lymphomas. Assessment was based on clinical diagnosis and histology because T-cell marker data were inadequate, but when present, marker data supported the T-cell diagnosis. The relative risk of T-cell lymphoma, estimated by standardized incidence ratio, was 15.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.0–21.7). Risks were increased for all subtypes, including mycosis fungoides, peripheral lymphomas, cutaneous lymphomas, and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). HIV-related immunodeficiency could be important, but differences between the population developing AIDS and the general population (e. g., immigration from the Caribbean region for ATLL) might independently increase T-cell lymphoma risk.
ISSN:1525-4135
出版商:OVID
年代:2001
数据来源: OVID
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16. |
Incidence of Invasive Cervical Cancer in a Cohort of HIV-Seropositive Women Before and After the Introduction of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy |
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JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes,
Volume 26,
Issue 4,
2001,
Page 377-380
Maria Dorrucci,
Barbara Suligoi,
Diego Serraino,
Umberto Tirelli,
Giovanni Rezza,
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摘要:
To assess whether the incidence of invasive cervical cancer (ICC) has changed as a result of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), we conducted a prospective cohort study on the incidence of ICC before and after the introduction of HAART among Italian women with a known duration of HIV infection. We estimated the incidence per 1000 person years of ICC as a first AIDS-defining disease for the periods 1981 through 1991, 1992 through 1995, and 1996 through 1998. We also estimated the incidence of other first AIDS-defining diseases. Kaplan-Meier and Cox models were applied to compare the periods 1981 through 1995 and 1996 through 1998 in terms of cumulative incidence and relative hazards (RHs). The analysis included 483 women (median follow-up: 7 years). In the period 1981 through 1995, a trend of increase was observed in the incidence of ICC and other AIDS-defining diseases; this trend has continued only for ICC, whereas the incidence of other AIDS-defining diseases has decreased since 1996. Compared with 1981 through 1995, the RH of ICC for 1996 through 1998 was 7.41 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.21–45.44); when adjusting for age at HIV seroconversion, the RH decreased to 4.75 (95% CI: 0.80–28.24). It remains to be determined whether the continued increase in ICC incidence after the introduction of HAART is attributable to a decreasing competitive mortality from other AIDS-defining diseases among HIV-infected women.
ISSN:1525-4135
出版商:OVID
年代:2001
数据来源: OVID
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17. |
National Surveillance of HIV-1 Subtypes for England and WalesDesign, Methods, and Initial Findings |
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JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes,
Volume 26,
Issue 4,
2001,
Page 381-388
John Parry,
Gary Murphy,
Katrina Barlow,
Kim Lewis,
Pauline Rogers,
Francisco Belda,
Angus Nicoll,
Christine McGarrigle,
Susan Cliffe,
Philip Mortimer,
Jonathan Clewley,
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摘要:
The HIV-1 infections detected in an ongoing national unlinked anonymous HIV surveillance program were subtyped and analyzed according to demographic and risk characteristics. Of the 893 anti–HIV-1–positive specimens allocated to an exposure group, 70% could be subtyped. Almost 25% of infections subtyped were non-B, mostly subtypes A, C, and D. Non-B infections were rare in homosexual and bisexual men and in drug injectors. Forty percent of infections in heterosexual men attending genitourinary medicine clinics were non-B subtypes; of these, 25% were subtype A infections and 59% were subtype C infections. For female clinic attendees, 61% were non-B subtype infections, of which 48% were subtype A infections and 42% were subtype C infections. Of the clinic attendees born in the United Kingdom and Europe, 14% of the men and 35% of the women were infected with non-B subtypes. In contrast, 78% of infections in antenatal patients were non-B subtypes, of which 61% were subtype A and 29% were subtype C. Extrapolation to the estimated 29,700 prevalent adult infections in the United Kingdom indicates that approximately 8,100 (27%) such infections are non-B subtypes and that these are found almost entirely in heterosexuals. The findings suggest spread of infection of non-B subtypes to heterosexuals born in the United Kingdom from individuals infected in regions of high prevalence.
ISSN:1525-4135
出版商:OVID
年代:2001
数据来源: OVID
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18. |
Persistent Dyslipidemia in HIV-Infected Individuals Switched From a Protease Inhibitor-Containing to an Efavirenz-Containing Regimen |
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JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes,
Volume 26,
Issue 4,
2001,
Page 389-390
Nicole Doser,
Philippe Sudre,
Amalio Telenti,
Vincent Wietlisbach,
Pascal Nicod,
Roger Darioli,
Vincent Mooser,
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ISSN:1525-4135
出版商:OVID
年代:2001
数据来源: OVID
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19. |
Variations in Institutional Review Board Decisions for HIV Quality of Care Studies: A Potential Source of Study Bias |
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JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes,
Volume 26,
Issue 4,
2001,
Page 390-391
Charles Bennett,
Alison Sipler,
Jorge Parada,
Matthew Goetz,
Jack DeHovitz,
Robert Weinstein,
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ISSN:1525-4135
出版商:OVID
年代:2001
数据来源: OVID
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20. |
Performance of a Quadruple Combination Including Nelfinavir Plus Efavirenz in Naive Subjects With High Baseline Viral Load and in Patients Failing Protease Inhibitor-Containing Regimens |
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JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes,
Volume 26,
Issue 4,
2001,
Page 391-392
Pablo Barreiro,
Virginia Oller,
Vincent Soriano,
Marina Nuñez,
Rafael Rodríguez-Rosado,
Juan González-Lahoz,
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ISSN:1525-4135
出版商:OVID
年代:2001
数据来源: OVID
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