摘要:

The chemical composition of three different buchu essential oils which were derived fromAgathosma betulina, A. crenulataand anA betulinaxcrenulatahybrid respectively (fam. Rutaceae) was investigated by means of chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. Approximately 40 compounds, all known, were detected.A. betulinawas characterized by 31% of (iso)menthone, 41% (ϕ)-diosphenol and 3% of the olfactory important cis- and trans-8-mercapto-p-menthane-3-ones. TheA. crenulataoil contained very high quantities of pulegone (54%) besides considerable quantities of trans-8-acetylthio-p-menthan-3-one (7%). The hybrid showed, apart from a very high concentration of (iso)menthone (55%), an intermediate composition.

ISSN:1041-2905    

DOI:10.1080/10412905.1996.9700606

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The essential oils ofAgathosma betulina, A. crenulataand their hybrids were analyzed to determine whether the taxa could be distinguished by their monoterpene chemistry. Pulegone was found to be the key component for identification of the oils.A. betulinais identified by a pulegone content of 2.4% to 4.5%, the hybrids have 7.6% to 27.8% andA. crenulatahas 31.6% to 73.2% pulegone.A. betulinaand the hybrids have a higher content of 8-mercapto-p-menthan-3-one than 8-acetylthio-p-menthan-3-one while, the reverse is true forA. crenulata.The cis-8-mercapto-p-menthan-3-one content is higher than that of the trans- isomer forA. betulinaand die hybrids, but the reverse is true forA. crenulata.TwoA. betulinachemotypes were identified. The Diosphenol chemotype is characterized by high ϕ-diosphenol (>10%) and diosphenol (>12%), and low isomenthone (<29%) concentrations. The Isomenthone chemotype is characterized by high isomendione (>31%) and low ϕ-diosphenol (<0.16%) and diosphenol (<0.14%) concentrations. No chemotypes were found forA. crenulata, and those found for the hybrids were not significant due to the small sample size. No significant correlation was found between oil composition and geographic origin for any taxon. The Isomenthone chemotypes ofA. betulinaare restricted to the Piketberg mountain range.

ISSN:1041-2905    

DOI:10.1080/10412905.1996.9700607

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The leaf oils of samples ofLippia multifloraMoldenke collected from different geographic areas of Togo and from cultivated plants were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Three types of essential oils were characterized, one which is rich in neral and geranial, (23–89%) and two other types, poor in neral and geranial, containing either 1,8-cineole (16–63%) or thymol (15–40%) and p-cymene (15–20%) as the major components. The oils obtained exhibited insecticidal activity against the bruchidCallosobruchus maculatusFab. in a dose-dependent manner.

ISSN:1041-2905    

DOI:10.1080/10412905.1996.9700608

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The absolute ofGardenia jasminoides(“Jasmine rose” Rubiaceae) was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. More than 200 compounds could be detected of which more than 100 were identified. The olfactorially valuable compounds found with a concentration higher than 1% were: linalool (2.14%), benzyl phenylacetate (1.73%), methyl phenylacetate (1.47%), phenylacetic acid (1.38%), 1-phenylerhyl acetate (1.22%), myristic acid (1.22%), benzyl benzoate (1.19%), geranyl acetone (1.17%), (Z)-3-hexenoic acid (1.14%), 2-methyl butyric acid (1.14%), benzyl acetate (1.13%), valeric acid (1.08%), p-cresyl acetate (1.04%), ethyl phenylacetate (1.04%), 2-phenyl ethylacetate (1.04%), methyl anthranilate (1.03%), (Z)-4-heptenol (1.02%) and valeraldehyde (1.02%). In addition, more than 80 other interesting volatiles as well as more than 20 higher hydrocarbons (higher than C16) and more than 10 fatty acids and their esters were also identified in the absolute.

ISSN:1041-2905    

DOI:10.1080/10412905.1996.9700609

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A comparison study of 13 fennel (Foeniculum vulgareMill. var.vulgare) populations of different origins were carried out on the basis of morphological and chemical characters. Relatively stable and variable characteristics were distinguished from evaluating the correlation matrix of the morphological and chemical properties from two successive years. High stability was shown from the morphological aspects such as relative leaf mass, seed size, thousand seed mass (r= 1.000, 0.801, 0.807 respectively); for essential oil accumulation, the presence of (E)-anethole and methyl chavicol were stable characteristics (r=0.923, 0.876). Three distinct intraspecific chemical taxa could be separated based on the cluster analysis of the seed oil: fenchone-rich (31–42% fenchone), methyl chavicol-rich (30–43% methyl chavicol) and (E)-anethole-rich (60–85% anethole) chemovarieties. Within the anethole group, the presence of a further four chemical subvariants of a lower rank (chemoforms) was justified by discriminant analysis. It was also proved that the morphological characters could not be used to support any intraspecific chemical classification. In this respect, the medium strength correlation was found only between the level of essential oil accumulation and the size of seeds (r=0.610).

ISSN:1041-2905    

DOI:10.1080/10412905.1996.9700610

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Free volatile constituents of granadilla(Passiflora vitifoliaHBK.) obtained by liquid-liquid extraction were analyzed by GC and GC/M S. A total of 24 compounds were identified for the first time in the aroma of this fruit. Quantitatively, the major compounds were: methyl 3-hydroxyhexanoate, methyl hexanoate, methyl 5-hydroxyhexanoate, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone, methyl butyrate, methyl 5-oxo-hexanoate and methyl (E)-2-hexenoate. Bound aroma compounds were also identified by GC and GC/MS after isolation of the glycosidic fraction obtained by Amberlite XAD-2 adsorption and methanol elution followed by hydrolysis with a commercial pectinase enzyme. In total 17 aglycones were detected of which 15 were identified. These aglycones mainly consisted of compounds exhibiting aromatic structures and hydroxyesters.

ISSN:1041-2905    

DOI:10.1080/10412905.1996.9700611

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Studies have been conducted on the effect of the aerosol and soil heavy metal pollution upon the growth, development and quality ofLavandula angustifoliaMill, in field experiments, during the period of 1989-1992. Cultivars Hemus and Druzhba, which were used as experimental material, were grown in three different environments. The first was at a distance of 400 m from Non-Ferrous Metals Combine (NFMC near Plovdiv), on heavily polluted soils; the second was at 3 km from NFMC, on less polluted soils, and the third control plot was at 9 km from NFMC, in the experimental field of Agricultural University in Plovdiv. At different growth stages of the lavender plants, fresh herbage yield, height, amount of branching, essential oil content, and GC analysis of the oils were determined. In addition, heavy metal content in the soils, plant roots, stems, leaves, racemes, essential oils and the wastes from the distillation were also determined. It was found that soil and air heavy metal pollution did not affect the occurrence and duration of the different growth stages of lavender, the amount of branching, the essential oil content, the yield of fresh inflorescences and oil composition. Depending on die rate of soil and air pollution, inflorescences accumulated different amounts of heavy metals. In spite of die great amounts of heavy metal accumulated by the inflorescence, the oil was not contaminated. A positive correlation between metal concentration in the inflorescence and that found in the oils for Cu was observed. Heavy metal concentration in plant parts was observed in the following order for each metal: Cd: leaves > roots = inflorescences = stems; Pb: stems > leaves = inflorescences > roots; Cu: roots > leaves = inflorescences = stems; Mn: roots > leaves = inflorescences > stems; Zn: leaves = stems > inflorescences > roots; and Fe: roots > leaves > stems > inflorescences. The results obtained could be used as a model for other similar crops grown in other regions in which a similar rate of industrial pollution can be found. It was concluded that die lavender cvs Druzhba and Hemus could be successfully grown in highly heavy metal polluted areas without any risk of essential oil contamination.

ISSN:1041-2905    

DOI:10.1080/10412905.1996.9700612

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Ocimumspecies show a high degree of variation in herbage and oil yield, and oil composition depending upon the ontogenetical stage of the plant at the time of harvest. Using various chemotypes ofOcimum basilicumvar.glabratum, O. basilicumvar.purpurescens, O. basilicumvar.thyrsiflorum, O. basilicumvar.minima, O. americanum, O. sanctum, O. viride, O. kilimandscharicumandO. gratissimum, the effect of growth stage on oil yield, herbage yield and oil composition was examined over three consecutive seasons. It was found that although the herbage yield for allOcimumspecies/varieties (chemotypes) around the initiation of seed formation (180 days after planting), the maximum oil yield coincided with the maximum herbage yield for onlyO. basilicumvar.purpurescens, O. virideandO. sanctum.For the other species/varieties (chemotypes) examined, the maximum oil yield was found to be at the 50% seed set stage (210 days) or between the 50% seed set stage and the full seed maturation stage (210–240 days). ForO. basilicumvar.glabratum(camphor-type),O. basilicumvar.purpurescensmethyl cinnamate-type),O. gratissimum(eugenol-type),O. viride(thymol-type) andO. sanctum(eugenol-type), the major component reached its maximum around 180 days after planting. ForO. canum(linalool-type) the linalool content did not change throughout its complete life cycle. The maximum content of die major constituent of all overOcimumspecies/varieties (chemotypes) exceptO. viride(thymol-type) occurred at the 50% seed set stage (210 days). Finally, forO. viride(thymol-chemotype) the phenophase for maximum content of the major constituent was between 180-240 days.

ISSN:1041-2905    

DOI:10.1080/10412905.1996.9700613

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Geranium oil is one of the most frequently used oils in aromatherapy. However, there is a large and diverse variation in the composition of commercial geranium oil, which depends only partly on its country of origin. The bioactivity of 16 commercial samples of geranium oils was assessed in vitro against 25 different bacteria, 20Listeria monocytogenesstrains and 3 filamentous fungi; the antioxidant and pharmacological effect was also studied and the results correlated against the chemical composition. The results show that the wide variability in bioactivity between samples cannot be directly correlated with the country of origin nor the main chemical components. This suggests that the many different paramedical effects of geranium oil, which are accredited to geranium oil regardless of its chemical composition, may be due to its action as an odor through the limbic system.

ISSN:1041-2905    

DOI:10.1080/10412905.1996.9700614

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The essential oil fromLamium garganicumL. subsp.laevigatumArcangeli (fam. Lamiaceae), was examined by GC and GC/MS. Of the more than thirty compounds identified in the oil, 1,8-cineole (47.5%), citronellal (25.1%) and isoeugenol (11.8%), were the major components. The oil exhibited bacteriostatic activity against the six Gram positive and negative bacteria.

ISSN:1041-2905    

DOI:10.1080/10412905.1996.9700615

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor