摘要:

The successful treatment of ill patients requires a knowledge and understanding of the basic pathophysiologic abnormalities that have caused the disease process. New information in three broad clinical categories will be discussed as they apply to the pediatric patient: peptic ulcer disease, gastroduodenal motor dysfunction, and development of the stomach and duodenum. Pathophysiology and clinical relevance will be emphasized.

ISSN:0267-1379    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0267-1379    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Reflex pathways within the enteric nervous system regulate contraction of the muscle, epithelial secretion, and blood flow. Interconnecting neural fibers between the myenteric and submucous plexuses coordinate this activity. The identification of neurons that participate in reflex arcs as sensory neurons, interneurons, or motor neurons is continually evolving with the discovery of new peptides and other substances. Mediators released from endocrine cells, immunocytes, or other cell types modulate the epithelial secretory response by acting directly on epithelial cells or on their innervation.

ISSN:0267-1379    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Gastrointestinal inflammation is a complex series of events involving numerous mediators and cytokines that act to focus and coordinate the immune system. The interactions of various mediators and cytokines appear to be important in the regulation of T-cell responses during inflammation. As well, the actions of certain cytokines can have profound effects on the intestinal epithelium, such as the induction of secretory responses, the expression of adhesion molecules, and in some instances cytokines may promote epithelial cell damage. The expanding list of immune and nonimmune cells that can produce cytokines offers new mechanisms that may be involved in various types of inflammation. Finally, additional mediators such as nitric oxide can be induced by cytokines and may have important pathophysiologic consequences during inflammation.

ISSN:0267-1379    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

M cells play a critical role in the generation of protective secretory immunity against intestinal pathogens. For this reason, they have become an important focus for studies on oral vaccine development. In this review, we outline the work on M cells reported in the past year, with particular emphasis on findings that have relevance to vaccine development. The most important findings in this regard are the demonstration of antibody-enhanced M-cell targeting and the analysis of increased M-cell numbers in response toSalmonellainfection.

ISSN:0267-1379    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The recent finding of a distinct subset of serum neutrophil autoantibodies in the majority of patients with ulcerative colitis has been confirmed by several studies. Although autoantibodies probably have no direct role in mediating tissue damage, they may reflect the underlying immunologic disturbance that leads to the disease. The clinical importance of ulcerative colitis-linked neutrophil autoantibodies is uncertain, although they may be useful diagnostic markers. Family studies indicate that they might also be useful markers of genetic susceptibility. Future identification of the antigen or antigens recognized by these ulcerative colitis-linked autoantibodies will facilitate the development of improved assay systems and the study of the immunologic basis for their occurrence.

ISSN:0267-1379    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Helicobacter pyloriinfection has been recognized as the causative agent of type B chronic active gastritis. It also shows a close correlation with duodenal and gastric ulcer disease. Its role in the pathogenesis of gastric malignancy is disputed. Characteristically, an intense local immune response may be seen on histologic examination of gastric mucosa. So far, little is known about immunologic reactions within the stomach, and only recently has it been appreciated that the gastric mucosal immune response may represent one main pathogenetic mechanism inH. pylori-associated diseases. This review gives a brief background on what is known about immunophysiologic mechanisms in the stomach and relates these mechanisms to recent studies evaluating the immune response toH. pylori.

ISSN:0267-1379    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The role of cellular immune responses in mediating hepatocyte injury of virus-infected cells is under active investigation. Induction of humor immunity to viral protein antigens may be important in hepatitis viral clearance from the host. Studies defining the critical epitopes on hepatitis B viral proteins that stimulate both B-and T-cell response are emerging. Interferon therapy is being used to treat individuals with chronic hepatitis B and C infection and may have effects on inhibiting viral replication and enhance HLA class I expression on hepatocytes as well as modulate B-and T-lymphocyte function. Detection of antibodies produced against hepatitis viral proteins and hepatocyte cellular antigens have become important in the diagnosis of acute and chronic active hepatitis.

ISSN:0267-1379    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The gastrointestinal tract plays an important role in the nutritional and immunologic status of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. Defective mucosal immunoregulation contributes to the development of bacterial, viral, fungal, or protozoal opportunistic infections. Malabsorption also may occur without an identifiable enteric pathogen. HIV-infected children become lactose intolerant earlier than would be predicted by age or nationality. Although the mechanism is unknown, the mucosal immune system may regulate epithelial cell function through production of cytokines. The role of HIV in the production of cytokines and the relationship to malabsorption remains to be determined. The hypothesis that malabsorption and infection are exacerbated by malnutrition and potentiated by immunodeficiency may lead to the development of effective strategies for nutritional intervention. This has particular relevance for the HIV-infected child.

ISSN:0267-1379    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0267-1379    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID