摘要:

The molecular biology of brush membrane transport proteins continues to be defined. This review summarizes recent advances in our knowledge of electrolyte transport in this respect. An increasing understanding of brush border transport is now being used to identify ways of modifying carriers pharmacologically; the activity of the chloride channel in cystic fibrosis and in secretory diarrheal states has recently received attention. Modulation of transport by peptides (atrial natriuretic peptide and epidermal growth factor), mast cells, and dietary factors is reviewed. Refinements to the clinical management of acute diarrhea by modification of oral rehydration solutions remains a priority and continues to receive attention.

ISSN:0267-1379    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This year's literature on the pathology of the small intestine will again be subdivided into sections on the enterocyte and its general environment, inflammatory changes exclusive of inflammatory bowel disease, infections, and tumors. Special attention is given to the eosinophilic gastroenteritides with a proposal of a new conceptual framework for classification.

ISSN:0267-1379    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0267-1379    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Several specific dietary components have evoked much interest recently. Thus, the current literature includes several reports of new substrates in clinical investigations. This article focuses on glutamine and the introduction of adjuvant treatment with growth factors. To make such investigations meaningful, two conditions should be established. First, proper techniques should be used to measure the metabolic changes as close as possible to the cellular level. Second, the pathophysiology should be known in order to mechanistically explain possible beneficial effects of new substrates. With that background, this review emphasizes reports on methodology and pathophysiology in addition to those concerning the effects of new substrates.

ISSN:0267-1379    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The effects of protein-calorie malnutrition have been assessed in general surgery patients, orthopedic surgery patients, and in liver transplant patients. Protein-calorie malnutrition may be a risk factor for falls and results in increased cholecystokinin responsiveness in geriatric patients. Discussed in this article are: dysphagia, which may result from protein-calorie malnutrition; trace element abnormalities in liver disease; magnesium deficiency, which impairs potassium homeostasis; and pyridoxine deficiency, which alters maternal-infant interactions and may affect human immune function. Scurvy and diarrhea in the American Civil War are reviewed. Also discussed are animal experiments in malnutrition, which attenuates the acute phase response to injury. Macrophage alterations as a consequence of malnutrition are assessed, as are malnutrition, which impairs insulin binding; vitamin E deficiency, which affects serum zinc and copper levels; and maternal folate deficiency, which affects pregnancy outcome.

ISSN:0267-1379    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The interaction among malnutrition, diarrhea, and infection continues to be a major area for research and therapeutic efforts. Currently the problem is under attack on three fronts: 1) prevention and treatment of malnutrition, 2) implementation of oral rehydration and rapid reintroduction of feedings, including staple foods, in the immediate postrehydration period, and 3) less successfully, prevention of infection. In some countries of the developing world, the major concern in the malnutrition-diarrhea-infection cycle is still survival. Investigators today, however, are increasingly addressing the long-term effects on the height and neurodevelopment of survivors.

ISSN:0267-1379    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Current practices in the provision of enteral nutrition are reviewed. New information is shared dealing with enteral macronutrients, with particular emphasis given to nucleotide and protein supplementation. Specialized formulations are discussed as they relate to carbohydrate, fiber, and fats (eg, ω 3s, palm oil, and ω 6s).

ISSN:0267-1379    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

During the past year, two important large-scale studies have been published that demonstrate that preoperative parenteral nutritional support improves the clinical outcome of severely malnourished patients. Both trials highlighted the importance of targeting the use of total parenteral nutrition on those patients most likely to benefit. With regard to the composition of parenteral nutrition solutions, our knowledge of lipid emulsions, particularly regarding their effects on the immune system, has expanded significantly. The infusion of a mixture of medium-chain triglycerides and long-chain triglycerides rather than long-chain triglycerides alone may be beneficial in certain circumstances. More evidence has accumulated in favor of the addition of glutamine to parenteral nutrition solutions, and it appears that free glutamine may, after all, be safely added to parenteral nutrition solutions. From a practical point of view, advances in the prevention of thrombophlebitis have enabled peripheral parenteral nutrition to increase in popularity.

ISSN:0267-1379    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Obesity is a chronic metabolic disorder. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to its development and maintenance. The effectiveness of different treatments in reducing weight and their ability to maintain weight loss is minimal. This paper reviews new developments in the pharmacologic approach to the treatment of obesity in addition to diet, exercise, and behavior modification.

ISSN:0267-1379    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0267-1379    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID