摘要:

Measurement and definition of sexual orientations have increasingly become a central focus in both research design and public policy debates. This paper reviews major methods, and their theoretical underpinnings, for the definition and measurement of sexual orientations, highlighting their limitations and pitfalls, both practical and conceptual. The increasing politicization of this area is discussed and cautioned against. Recommendations, both general and geared toward measurement concerns with adolescent populations, are made. A specific measurement strategy, which can be utilized at a number of different levels, is detailed.

ISSN:0363-0234    

DOI:10.1111/j.1943-278X.1995.tb00489.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This review focuses on psychopathologic risk factors for adolescent suicide and suicidal behavior, namely, affective, disruptive, substance abuse, psychotic, and personality disorders. The interaction of psychopathology with age and gender is discussed. The role of family environmental risk factors and stress events in suicide and suicidal behavior, both alone, and in interaction with psychopathology are reviewed. Research reviewed will include psychological; autopsy studies, longitudinal studies examining predictors of suicide, and epidemiologic studies of suicide attempts.

ISSN:0363-0234    

DOI:10.1111/j.1943-278X.1995.tb00490.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Primary prevention aims at reducing the incidence of a disorder. The first step in primary prevention involves documenting the magnitude of the problem and identifying risk factors. Consistent with primary prevention practices, we review the national and international epidemiological data on suicide mortality and then discuss the implications these data hold for primary prevention. Our approach is novel because we systematically examine the suicide epidemiology data by gender and culture. Suicide mortality appears to be highest among individuals (e.g., young adult married females in some Papua New Guinea regions; older adult, isolated, White males in the United States) for whom such behavior is culturally sanctioned. Thus, an important target for primary prevention may be local cultures of gender and suicide.

ISSN:0363-0234    

DOI:10.1111/j.1943-278X.1995.tb00392.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

It has been suggested that there is a strong relationship between suicidal behavior and homosexuality in adolescence. It has been further suggested that it is due to the stigmatization and feelings of isolation that are experienced by many gay adolescents. Much of the literature that has given support to these hypotheses has been conducted on uncontrolled nonrepresentative samples and its generalizability is open to question. An opportunity to examine the relationship in an unselected sample arose in a case control, psychological autopsy study of 120 of 170 consecutive suicides under age 20 and 147 community age, sex, and ethnic matched controls living in the Greater New York City area. Homosexuality was defined as having had homosexual experiences or having declared a homosexual orientation. Three teenagers and no controls met these criteria. The difference was not significant. The circumstances of death were examined and are described. In no instance did suicide directly follow an episode of stigmatization. All three suicides had evidence of significant psychiatric disorder before death. In spite of opportunities for biased reporting, it is concluded that this study finds no evidence that suicide is a common characteristic of gay youth, or that when suicide does occur among gay teenagers, that it is a direct consequence of stigmatization or lack of support.

ISSN:0363-0234    

DOI:10.1111/j.1943-278X.1995.tb00491.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The authors trace the evolution of prevention models and conceptual foundations for the prevention of disorders starting with the public health/medical model and concluding with the contemporary model recently proposed by the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences. They compare and contrast the contributions of each model toward the theoretical reduction of suicide in the general population. Risk and protective factors as they relate to suicidal behaviors are identified. The paper explores conceptual frameworks used to understand population‐level risk factors and moves toward a discussion of how to target individuals at risk for suicidal behaviors. First‐order and second‐order targets of change in prevention efforts are defined and examples pro

ISSN:0363-0234    

DOI:10.1111/j.1943-278X.1995.tb00393.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Research on the hypothesized relationship between sexual orientation and suicide is limited both in quantity and quality. National or statewide data on the frequency and causes of completed suicide in gay and lesbian people in the general population, including youth, do not exist. Similarly, national or statewide data on the frequency of suicide attempts among the general population or among gay and lesbian people, including youth, do not exist. Methodological limitations in the small research literature include a lack of consensus on definitions for key terms such assuicide attemptandsexual orientation, uncertain reliability and validity of measures for these terms, nonrepresentative samples, and a lack of appropriate nongay and/or nonclinical control groups for making accurate comparisons. These numerous methodological limitations prevent accurate conclusions about the role sexual orientation might play in suicidal behavior; the limitations also suggest opportunities for future research. Furthermore, recent evaluations of some school suicide‐awareness programs suggest that these programs are ineffective and may actually have unintended negative effects. The premature dissemination of unproven programs is unwarrante

ISSN:0363-0234    

DOI:10.1111/j.1943-278X.1995.tb00492.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0363-0234    

DOI:10.1111/j.1943-278X.1995.tb00493.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0363-0234    

DOI:10.1111/j.1943-278X.1995.tb00494.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0363-0234    

DOI:10.1111/j.1943-278X.1995.tb00495.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Emerging models of prevention focus on population‐level risk reduction through enumerating antecedent conditions that are linked to subsequent expressions of disorder and dysfunction. The authors discuss the essential ingredients for successful prevention programs‐comprehensiveness, fidelity, and intensity. The authors describe how to mount prevention programs to increase feasibility, access, and effectiveness. Suicide is an epidemic of low frequency in the general population and therefore does not receive appropriate attention in public health prevention campaigns. They argue for nesting suicide prevention programs within existing public health preventive intervention programs and provide some examples of how to reduce vulnerabilities and risk conditions for subsequent suicidal behavi

ISSN:0363-0234    

DOI:10.1111/j.1943-278X.1995.tb00395.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY