摘要:

This paper analyzes the effects on labor supply of parallel changes in taxes and public spending of various types. A number of important recent developments in the labor supply behavior of households are highlighted by such a study of various types of “budget effects,” rather than isolated “tax effects.” This comes out in particular when considering cross substitution effects on labor supply of changes in public spending on goods and services or of the subsidization of goods and services provided by private markets. Moreover, the income effects of tax changes are often mitigated, or possibly even removed, by the income effects of the accompanying expenditure

ISSN:0095-2583    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7295.1982.tb00362.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The peculiar character of the problem of a rational economic order is determined precisely by the fact that the knowledge of the circumstances of which we must make use never exists in a concentrated or integrated form but solely as the dispersed bits of incomplete and frequently contradictory knowledge which all the separate individuals possess.

ISSN:0095-2583    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7295.1982.tb00363.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0095-2583    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7295.1982.tb00364.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two questions are addressed in this paper. (A) Why do labor unions and certain employer organizations respectively promote and impede minimum wage legislation? (B) Do these groups have significant impacts on minimum wages? Question (A) is examined in the context of models that identify the economic self‐interest of unionized skilled workers and capitalists in legal wage floors. Question (B) is approached by a median legislator utility maximization model that leads to Tobit estimation of the relationship between state minimum wage rates and measures of statewide organized labor and capital and average hourly earning

ISSN:0095-2583    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7295.1982.tb00365.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Some readers may have found these results of greater interest were we able to confirm the directional hypotheses of the certainty setter model in addition to finding that spending is “related” to the reversion – the much weaker prediction of the uncertainty model. Yet the failure of the certaintyWhen base elections were optional, their infrequent occurrence might be expected under either a median voter or a setter model. For those districts that did hold base elections, the observations appear consistent with a setter model, but are either inexplicable by or inconsistent with a median voter model. Finally, both (a) the relationship between the number of budget elections and the presence of base elections, and (b) the outcome of mandatory base elections in 1978 provide a set of observations that are challenging to either model.A similar challenge was posed by our investigation of budget elections when we called attention to the inadequacy of static, full information models. Rather than resolving the question of the simple setter model against the simple median voter model, our results indicate that both may be inappropriate and that endeavors dealing with complexities omitted here are warr

ISSN:0095-2583    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7295.1982.tb00366.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0095-2583    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7295.1982.tb00367.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Countertrade, a contractual form in which there is a two‐way flow of goods, occupies a position of significance in East‐West trade. In this paper, it is shown that countertrade can solve problems which arise when the quality of Eastern European products is unknown. Using the market signaling literature, a theory is formulated in order to make predictions concerning the use of countertrade. Countertrade will be particularly useful when quality information is important but cannot be obtained directly and when a country has a poor quality reputation. These predictions are supported by empirical te

ISSN:0095-2583    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7295.1982.tb00368.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0095-2583    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7295.1982.tb00369.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0095-2583    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7295.1982.tb00370.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0095-2583    

DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7295.1982.tb00371.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY