摘要:

AbstractA study is made of the articulation and base of the hindwings of Scarabaeoidea. The survey is based on an examination of over 250 genera from thirteen scarabaeoid families. Relationships among all families of Scarabaeoidea are examined here for the first time. The reconstructed phylogeny shows that the Scarabaeoidea is comprised of three major lineages: a glaresid, passalid and scarabaeid lineage. The glaresid lineage consists only of the Glaresidae. The passalid lineage is comprised of two major lines: a passalid line (containing Passalidae, Lucanidae, Diphyllostomatidae, Glaphyridae, Trogidae, Bolboceratidae and Pleocomidae) and a geotrupid line (containing Geotrupidae, Ochodaeidae, Ceratocanthidae and Hybosoridae). The scarabaeid lineage contains those taxa traditionally included within the Scarabaeidae (Aegialiinae, Aulonocneminae, Aphodiinae, Scarabaeinae, Orphninae, Melolonthinae,Acoma, Chasmatopterinae, Hopliinae, Oncerinae, Rutelinae, Dynastinae, Trichiinae, Cetoniinae and Valginae). Additional evidence, from other character suites, supporting this breakdown of the Scarabaeoidea is given.

ISSN:0307-6970    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1995.tb00089.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEvolutionary affiliations of eighteen families of Hemiptera (s.l.) are inferred using molecular phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide (nt) sequences of 18S rDNAs. Exemplar taxa include: Archaeorrhyncha (=Fulgoromorpha): flatid, issid, dictyopharid, cixiid and delphacid; Prosorrhyncha (=Heteropterodea): Peloridiomorpha (=Coleorhyncha) ‐peloridiid, Heteroptera gerrid, lygaeid and mirid; Clypeorrhyncha [=extant (monophyletic) cicadomorphs]: cicadid, cercopoids (cercopid, aphrophorid), membracid and cicadellids (deltocephaline and cicadelline); and Sternorrhyncha: psyllid, aleyrodid, diaspidid and aphid. Analysed sequences encompass a region beginning ≅550 nucleotides (nts) from the 5'‐end to ≅200 nts upstream from the 3'‐end of the gene [≅1150 base pairs (bp) in euhemipteran to>1400 bp in sternorrhynchan taxa]. Maximum parsimony and bootstrap analyses (PAUP) identify four principal hemipteran clades, Stenorrhyncha, Clypeorrhyncha, Archaeorrhyncha and Prosorrhyncha. These lineages are identified by synapomorphies distributed throughout the gene. Sternorrhyncha is a sister group to all other Hemiptera (i.e. EuhemipterasensuZrzavy), rendering Homoptera paraphyletic. Within Euhemiptera, clades Clypeorrhyncha, Archaeorrhyncha, Prosorrhyncha and Heteroptera are supported by one, three, two and three synapomorphic sites, respectively. There is equitable parsimonious inference for Archaeorrhyncha as the sister group to Prosorrhyncha (NeoherriipterasensuSorensenet al.) or Clypeorrhyncha, in either case rendering Auchenorrhyncha paraphyletic. Neohemiptera is supported by one synapomorphy. Within Clypeorrhyncha, clade cicada + cercopoids is the sister group of the clade cicadellids + membracid (MembracoideasensuDietrich&Deitz). Among archaeorrhynchans, clade delphacid + cixiid is the sister group of the clade dictyopharid + flatid + issid. Within Prosorrhyncha, the peloridiid is sister to the Heteroptera. Within Heteroptera, gerrid is the sister group of the clade mirid + lygaeid (PanheteropterasensuSchuh). Based on secondary structure of synonymous 18S rRNA, two synapomorphies each of Sternorrhyncha, Prosorrhyncha and Heteroptera are compensatory substitutions on stem substructures. All other synapomorphies identifying major lineages of Hemiptera are noncompensatory substitutions on either bulges or stems. Short basal internodal distances suggest radiation of hemipteran lineages at the suborder level occurred rapidly. Morphological, palaeoentomological and eco‐evolutionary factors supporting the 18S rDNA‐based phylogenetic tre

ISSN:0307-6970    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1995.tb00090.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEchidnophora dondroisp.nov. is described from females collected in the fungus gardens of a nest of the termiteOdontotermes takensisin North Sumatra. Resemblances betweenEchidnophoraand Termitoxeniinae are discussed and interpreted as examples of convergence. The peculiarly modified basal sockets of some major abdominal bristles in many Termitoxeniinae are illustrated and discussed. The hypothesis is advanced that these modified sockets are the sites from which exudates attractive to termite workers are discharged. It is further postulated that these exudates are primarily lipid material. Furthermore, the abdominal bristles of the Termitoxeniinae examined are smooth, in contrast to the fluted bristles characteristic ofEchidnophora, other Phoridae, and those of workers of termite hosts of the Termitoxeniinae. This is probably an adaptation that renders the bristles more pliant, and thus less liable to being broken off when stroked by a termite worker. Enlarged collars, arising from the basal sockets and embracing the bases of the bristles, probably serve as an additional protection.

ISSN:0307-6970    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1995.tb00091.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe karyotype of fourteen species of Berytidae has been investigated (ten of them in this paper). All studied Metacanthinae, except possiblyMetatropis, have 2n(♂)= 14 + XY. In three examined genera of Berytinae the karyotypes are dissimilar: inNeidesandApoplymus(Berytinae) the chromosome number is 2n(♂)=14 + XY, as for Metacanthinae. In Berytinus spp. the chromosome number is very high (B.distinguendus:2n(♂)=30 + XY;B.clavipes:2n(♂)=32 + XY:B.minor:2n(♂)=40 + XY).The structure of the male reproductive system of eleven species is studied.Apoplymus(Berytinae) has two elongate follicles per testis and two pairs of mesadenial glands (mg). Metacanthinae andNeides(Berytinae) have a single elongate follicle per testis and two pairs of mg.Berytinusspp. differ in a number of characters: follicles are shorter and wider, two in each testis; a paired and an unpaired mg.The number and position of the abdominal trichobothria of twenty‐nine species of Berytidae is discussed.The ancestral condition of the three examined characters is found in primitive genera of both Berytinae and Metacanthinae. The genusBerytinusshows a derived condition in all of these

ISSN:0307-6970    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1995.tb00092.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA cladistic analysis was undertaken to determine relationships among extant genera of the ant subfamily Dolichoderinae. Twenty‐one of the twenty‐two currently recognized genera within the subfamily were examined using 104 morphological characters. A single fully resolved, most‐parsimonious tree was found when a combination of ordered and unordered characters was used. When all characters were coded as unordered, seventy most‐parsimonious trees were found. The following results were found with both character coding methods.Leptomyrmexwas placed basal to the remainder of the subfamily and the monophyletic setsDolichoderus+Liometopum+Axinidris+Tapinoma+Technomyrmex, Froggattella+Iridomyrmex+Ochetellus+Papyrius+Philidris+Turneria, andBothriomyrmex+Dorymyrmex + Forelius + Loweriellawere suggested. The generaLinepithemaandDoleromyrmashowed a small amount of instability in moving between neighbouring sister groups when the character coding method changed. The generaAnillidrisandAnonychomyrmawere difficult to place as they showed major differences in their positions between the two character coding

ISSN:0307-6970    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1995.tb00093.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe phylogeny of the phoracanthine genusAtesta(thirty‐four species) is analysed using cladistic methods. The monophyly ofAtestais confirmed. Three major monophyletic species groups are recognized: (1) thethorntoni‐group including twelve species:A.thorntoni, A.balteata, A.latifasciata, A.mediana, A.patula, A.newi, A.angasi, A.bifasciata, A.besti, A.ciliata, A.paratasmanicaandA.tasmanica; (2) thesisyrioides‐group consisting of seventeen species:A.ibidionoides, A.carteri, A.longoelytrata, A.pubescens, A.stigmosa, A.sita, A.vittata, A.sparsa, A.minuta, A.tropicalis, A.unifasciata, A.sisyrioides, A.nigrihumerus, A.apicalis, A.brittoni, A.antennalisandA.brooksi, and (3) thehoustoni‐group containing five species:A.mapida, A.houstoni, A.tripartita, A.dixoniandA.centroaustralica.The distribution patterns ofAtestaare described and discussed. Five distinct areas of endemism are found forAtesta:the Torresian, Timorian, Kosciuskan, Western and Eyrean Subregions. The Torresian Subregion has nine species, three of which are endemic to the subregion; the Timorian has four species, two of which are endemic; the Kosciuskan has twenty‐three species, sixteen of which are endemic, the Western has five species, four of which are endemic, and the Eyrean has three species, one of which is endemic. Two kinds of distribution patterns forAtestaare identified: the wet adapted (peripherial), including thethorntoni‐group andsisyrioides‐group, and the wide‐adapted, consisting of thehoustoni‐group. Thethorntoni‐group is typically a southern Australian species group, distributed in south‐eastern and south‐western Australian continent and Tasmania. Thesisyrioides‐group is mainly distributed in southeastern, eastern and northern Australian continent and Tasmania. The distribution of thehoustoni‐group includes central and perip

ISSN:0307-6970    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1995.tb00094.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe systematics of the family Otopheidomenidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) is reviewed.Eickwortius termesgen.n. et sp.n. is described from a termite,Macrotermes michaelseni(Sjöstedt) (Isoptera: Termitidae) from Kenya.Treatia ghaiguptaorumnom.n. is proposed forTreatia indicaGhai&Gupta, 1984, which is a junior homonym ofTreatia indicaKrantz&Khot, 1962. The Otopheidomenidae as recognized in this paper consists of twenty‐five species in nine genera grouped into three subfamilies: Otopheidomeninae Treat, Treatiinae Wainstein, and Kadytiseiinae Fain&Lukoschus. Keys to the subfamilies and genera of Otopheidomenidae are provided and the described species of each genus are listed. The biology of the Otopheidomenidae and its potential in biological control are discuss

ISSN:0307-6970    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1995.tb00095.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY