摘要:

Abstract.The European species of theHilara maura‐groupare revised. Three species are described as new to science, namely,H.nitidorellasp.n.,H.discalissp.n. (both temperate Central and Western Europe) andH.mauroidessp.n. (Caucasus, male only). A further five species,H.hybridaCollin,H.femorellaZetterstedt,H.sulcitarsisStrobl,H.tyrolensisStrobl andH.bartakiStraka are redescribed, andH.eumeraLoew, 1873 becomes a new synonym ofH.nitidulaZetterstedt, 1838. Seven lectotypes are designated. All IS European species are keyed, the main differential characters are illustrated, and additional data on biology and distribution are given. TheHilara maura‐groupis recognized as a monophyletic group within the genus, characterized by a set of apomorphous characters, and the hypothetical phylogenetic relationships of the species, classified into four natural complexes, are demonstra

ISSN:0307-6970    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1996.tb00601.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.The tribe Hoplophorionini Goding, 1926, includes 105 species of treehoppers in 10 genera. All are apparently subsocial and lack mutualism with honeydew‐collecting hymenopterans. In many species, parental investment in offspring is unique because of a specialized kicking defence (described herein) and construction of extra‐ovipositional punctures in the host tissue through which nymphs feed. The tribe occurs from Canada to Chile, with most generic diversity in Central America but most species diversity near the equator. Three genera,StalotypaMetcalf,Ramosella, new genus andStirpis, new genus, are endemic to the Greater Antilles but do not constitute a monophyletic group; the first two genera appear most closely related toTurrialbia, new genus, from Costa Rica. Host plant specializations and other biological attributes are summarized for genera and species. A phylogenetic analysis of 23 hoplophorionine species produced 9 minimal‐length cladograms that were similar in many respects.PotniaStål appears to have retained the greatest number of ancestral features. Aposematic teneral coloration of adults probably evolved once. The modification of the ancestral kicking behaviour by the first hoplophorionines appears to have released them from a constraint on pronotal form.Diagnoses are given for adults of all genera and, when possible, for immatures. A key is presented for the 10 genera; three are described as New Genera based on the cladistic analysis:Ramosella, Stirpis, andTurrialbia.Three New Species are described:Ramosella thalli, Stirpis jamaicensis, andTurrialbia felina.The genusMicropeplaSakakibara is considered a junior synonym ofOchropeplaStal, New Generic Synonymy.Umbonia terribilisWalker is moved from synonymy underAlchisme virescens(Fairmaire) to a New Synonymy underUmbonia reductaWalker. The subspeciesPlatycotis vittata vittata(Fabricius),P. vittata lineata(Fairmaire), andP. vittata quadrivittata(Say) are returned to synonymy withPlatycotis vittata(Fabricius), Reinstated Specific Synonymies. Three species are Reinstated as valid:Alchisme obscura(Walker) andA. veruta(Fowler), both from synonymy underA. turrita(Germar); andUmbonia reductaWalker, from synonymy underU. crassicomis(Amyot&Serville). Five New Combinations are proposed:Alchisme antigua(Funkhouser), referred fromUmbonia; A. sordida(Germar), referred fromPlatycotis; A. sagittata(Germar), elevated from subspecific rank underPlatycotis vittata; Ochropepla mourei(Sakakibara), referred fromMicropepla;andRamosella dominicensis(Ramos), referred fromPlatycotis. Platycotis nigrorufa(Walker),P. cornutaPlummer,P. salvini(Fowler), andP. fuscata(Fowler) were previously unplaced to subgenus; the first is referred toPlatycotis (LophopeltaStal) and the others toPlatycotis(PlatycotisStål).Microschaema nigrostrigataBuckton is moved from synonymy underAlchisme recurva(Stål) to a New Synonymy underEnnya dorsalis(Fairmaire) of the tribe Polyglyptini, subfamily Smiliinae.A checklist with critical synonymies and indexes to hoplophorionine taxa and host plant associations are provided. Lectotypes are designated forCentrotus vittatusFabricius,Hoplophora lineataFairmaire,Membracis venosaGermar,Potnia affinisBuckton, andTriquetra obtu

ISSN:0307-6970    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1996.tb00602.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.A new flightless hemerobiid species,Nusalala brachyptera, collected at high elevation in Costa Rica, is described and illustrated, and a variety of data relevant to the evolution of flightlessness in the family Hemerobiidae are reviewed. Flightlessness due to brachyptery has evolved independently in at least five monophyletic [= holophyletic] lineages of the family Hemerobiidae (brown lacewings). Volant hemerobiids are primarily foliage foraging arboreal predators [presumed ancestral condition], while flightless species are predominantly associated with terricolous‐type microhabitats (e.g. ground‐litter, epiphytic mosses) [presumed derived condition]. These differences suggest a significant habitat shift for flightless hemerobiid species, and that the parallel evolution of flightlessness and brachyptery in hemerobiids are shared responses to the conditions of a terricolous existence. The restriction of most flightless hemerobiid species to insular and/or montane/alpine land areas may be related to the typically depauperate nature of the faunas of such areas. This faunal characteristic may facilitate transitions from arboreality to terricolousness by presenting ancestrally arboreal predators such as hemerobiids with novel ecological opportunities in terricolous microhabit

ISSN:0307-6970    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1996.tb00603.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.The Palaearctic species of the genusAchalcus(Diptera: Dolichopodidae) are revised. Besides redescriptions ofA.cinereus, A.fiavicollis, A.melanotrichus, A.thalhammeriandA.vaillanti, four species are described as new:A.bimaculatus, A.britannicus, A.nigropunctatusPollet&Brunhes andA.phragmitidis. Keys to males and females of all Palaearctic species of the genus are given. Both morphologically and ecologically,A.melanotrichusis clearly distinct from all other species and seems to demonstrate the most primitive characters, especially in the thoracic and leg chaetotaxy. Epandrial setae and the epandrial lobe are clearly separated in the hypopygium of this species, whereas the former seem to be incorporated in the epandrial lobe in all other Palaearctic species. Seven out of 9 species show pale abdominal stemites and the presence or absence of the sutural bristle proves to be of special diagnostic value within this group. Furthermore, the reduced size of the anterodorsal bristles on the hind femur is considered a significant synapomorphy in four species. Finally, the investigation of Nearctic, Neotropic and AustralasianAchalcusis considered relevant to confirm the polarity of a number of characters in this genus.

ISSN:0307-6970    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1996.tb00604.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY