摘要:

Abstract.Characters of the head of larvae ofMetrius contractusEschscholtz, Ozaenini and Paussini are interpreted phylogenetically. The monophyly of Metriini + Ozaenini + Paussini is substantiated by several synapomorphies such as hyperprognathism and strong constriction of the neck. Ozaenini and Paussini together form the sister‐group of Metriini. Ozaenini are paraphyletic. The monophyly of Paussini + Ozaenini excludingPachytelesis indicated by two possible synapomorphies. Several synapomorphies are shared byPhysea+ Paussini. Secondary prognathism, large membranous submento‐mental area and other derived features are considered autapomorphies of Paussini. Paussini excludingPlatyrhopalopsisare characterized by the loss of the palpifer. The monophyly of a group which comprises Geadephaga excluding Trachypachini is suggested by several synapomorphic features. A very basal position of the metriine—paussine lineage within Carabidae is indicated by several plesiomorphic features. A hypopharyngeal filter apparatus with a dense fringe of well‐arranged, long hairs is a possible autapomorphy of Anisochaeta. The results of this study do not indicate a close relationship between the metriine—paussine lineage and the tribes Brachinini and Crepidogastrini as has been suggested in rec

ISSN:0307-6970    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1992.tb00333.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.The basic components of the tympanal organs of Geometridae are described against the background of the relevant literature. The work is prefaced by a summary of the occurrence of hearing organs within adult Lepidoptera as a whole, and the systematic value of these structures is assessed. A Latin‐based nomenclature is proposed to standardize the terminology. An assessment of the morphological variation of these organs within the Geometridae was based on the study of over 230 species representing numerous examples from all the subfamilies. Morphological variation between and within the geometrid subfamilies is discusse

ISSN:0307-6970    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1992.tb00334.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.Based on outgroup comparison, the various components of the larval mandible of the Brachycera and their homologies are described. The final instar larval mandible of the Brachycera ground plan is comprised of a distal pointed hook and an inverted ‘U’‐shaped basal sclerite. The phylogenetic implications of the larval mandibular homologies and associated mouthpart structures for the current cladistic hypotheses of the Nematocera (Wood&Borkent, 1989) and orthorrhaphous Brachycera (Woodley, 1989) are evaluated.A cladistic analysis of larval mouthpart characters largely supports the hypotheses of Wood&Borkent and Woodley. The presence of a pharyngeal filter is tentatively proposed as a synapomorphy of the Diptera exclusive of the Tipulomorpha and Bibionomorpha. Evidence is presented supporting a sister‐group relationship between the Psychodomorpha (sensuWood&Borkent, 1989) and the Brachycera. The placement of the Pantophthalmidae in the Stratiomyomorpha is supported by the apomorphic development of the mandibular‐maxillary complex and pharyngeal filter with posterior grinding mill. Additional larval mouthpart characters are proposed supporting the concept of the Eremoneura (Empidoidea + Cyclorrhapha). The ground plan of the Empidoidea appears to be characterized by the apomorphic development of a four‐component mandible, in which the basal sclerite is subdivided into two connecting sclerites and a ventral sclerite. Morphological evidence is presented supporting the mandibular origin of the mouthhooks of the C

ISSN:0307-6970    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1992.tb00335.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.Relationships among six key dictyopteran taxa (Mantodea; Blattodea (excluding Cryptocercidae); Cryptocercidae;Mastotermes darwiniensis, Termopsidae and Kalotermitidae [Isoptera]) are analysed based on seventy morphological, developmental and behavioural characters. The fossil record and the ‘living fossil’ generaCryptocercus, MastotermesandArchotermopsisare discussed in detail. Exact analysis of the character state matrix by implicit enumeration (Hennig86) resulted in one cladogram, strongly supporting Blattodea + Cryptocercidae as a sister group to Mantodea, with the Isoptera as a sister group to that complex. Arrangements within the termites are equivocal, with Termopsidae andMastotermes darwiniensispossible as the relatively most primitive element of Isopt

ISSN:0307-6970    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1992.tb00336.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.Species can exchange genes through occasional hybridization. As a result, and contrary to some expectations, closely related species may be genetically more compatible in sympatry than in allopatry. This could be so for two well‐known African swallowtails,Papilio dardanusBrown andP.phorcasCramer. Five natural hybrids between the two species are documented, their significance is discussed, and further information requeste

ISSN:0307-6970    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1992.tb00337.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.The evolution of endoparasitism in braconid wasps is demonstrably polyphyletic, not only within the family as a whole but even within the rogadine/exothecine assemblage of genera. A cladistic analysis of rogadine and exothecine genera, coupled with an optimization approach to estimating ancestral character states, is used to analyse the evolution of various aspects of endoparasitism within this assemblage. At least two independent origins of endoparasitism are hypothesized‐one in the Rodagini and the other in an assemblage including the Gnaptodontini, Opiinae and Alysiinae.Phylogenetic analyses and hypotheses can be useful not only in interpreting evolutionary trends, but in guiding and providing insights into more general comparative behavioural and physiological studies of parasitis

ISSN:0307-6970    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1992.tb00338.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.The New Zealand genusActizetaPascoe, 1875 is transferred from the tribe Opatrini of the tenebrionoid lineage to the tribe Cnemeplatiini of the tentyrioid lineage in a new subtribe Actizetina. The Australian genusThorictosomaLea, 1921 is transferred from the tribe Ulomini of the tenebrionoid lineage to Cnemeplatiini in a new subtribe Thorictosomatina. The description of Pimeliinae is modified to incorporate additional taxa and characters. Cnemeplatiini sens.n. is defined, a key to subtribes and genera is presented, andActizetais described from adult and larval characters. Relationships of Cnemeplatiini are discussed, and the tribe Idisiini is identified as the most probable sister‐group, on the basis of resemblances particularly in female genitalia and larvae. Characters of the ancestor of the tentyrioid lineage (subfamily Pimeliinae) are deduced. Attention is drawn to the taxonomic value of digitiform pegs on the terminal segments of maxillary and labial palpi, and larval endopleur

ISSN:0307-6970    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1992.tb00339.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0307-6970    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1992.tb00341.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY