摘要:

Analyses of morphological data on the higher‐level phylogenetics of Thysanoptera have suggested two alternative hypotheses: (1) sister‐taxon status of the monophyletic suborders Terebrantia and Tubulifera. and (2) paraphyly of Terebrantia with respect to Tubulifera. Analyses of nucleotide sequence data from the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I and the nuclear gene I8S rONA using maximum parsimony. neighbour joining. and maximum likelihood provide strong support for the hypothesis of a sister‐taxon relationship between the Terebrantia and Tubulifera. These data resolve this long‐standing controversy in thysanopteran phylogenetics and provide a framework for further studies of higher‐level relationships in t

ISSN:0307-6970    

DOI:10.1046/j.1365-3113.1996.d01-3.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A number of phylogenies exist for cockroaches that differ in the postulated relationships among families and genera. The relationship of the wood‐feeding genus, Cryptocercus, to other cockroach families and to termites, has generated considerable debate. Grandcolas (1994), based on morphological analysis, synonymized the family Cryptocercidae with Polyphagidae and placed the genus Cryptocercus in the subfamily Polyphaginae. To determine if an independent set of characters supports the placement of Cryptocercus in Polyphaginae, a phylogenetic analysis of relationships among representative genera of the five cockroach families was undertaken. DNA sequence of a ‐430 base pair portion of the mitochondrial small ribosomal subunit gene from representatives of Blattidae, Blattellidae, Blaberidae and Cryptocercus, previously published by Kambhampati (1995) and Kambhampati et al. (1996), and the homologous sequence from representatives of Polyphagidae were used in the analysis. A total of twenty cockroach taxa and three termite genera were included in the study. Because a recent study showed that Cryptocercus punctulatus consists of a species complex, DNA sequence from four individuals collected in different parts of the U.S.A. was included in the study. The trees estimated from parsimony and neighbour‐joining analyses indicated that Cryptocercus is a monophyletic clade which is most closely related to members of Blattidae. Polyphagidae is indicated as a sister group to the Blattidae + Cryptocercus complex, suggesting that Polyphagidae may belong to the superfamily Blattoidea rather than to Blaberoidea as proposed by McKittrick (1964). Blaberidae and Blattellidae were sister groups as previously proposed. Based on the present analysis, I propose that the genus Cryptocercus be retained in the family Cryptocercidae. Cockr

ISSN:0307-6970    

DOI:10.1046/j.1365-3113.1996.d01-6.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The tribe Liparocephalini (generaLiparocephalusMäklin, 1853;DiaulotaCasey, 1893 [ =GenoplectesSawada, 1955];ParamblopusaAhn&Ashe,AmblopusaCasey, 1893;SalinamexusMoore&Legner, 1977 [ =BiophytosusMoore&Legner, 1977]), all of which are exclusively restricted to the Pacific coasts of the Holarctic Region, is hypothesized to be a monophyletic group based on the following synapomorphies: seta v absent (inferred to be lost) from mentum (reversed one time in theLiparocephaluslineage), setae distributed only on mesal surface of galea and apex with setae, one medial seta present on prementum, and contiguous mesocoxal cavities. Natural history and history of the classification of the Liparocephalini are discussed. Phylogenetic analyses of the species of the Liparocephalini are presented based on larval (21 characters, 57 states), adult (49 characters, 115 states), and a combination of larval and adult characters (70 characters, 172 states). Analysis of the combined larval and adult data sets with successive approximation resulted in a single most parsimonious tree (length = 937, CI = 0.885, RI = 0.930) with the following patterns of generic relationships (outgroup (Salinamexus+Biophytosus(Amblopusa(Paramblopusa(Diaulota+Genoplectes,Liparocephalus)))))

ISSN:0307-6970    

DOI:10.1046/j.1365-3113.1996.d01-8.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The genusThinempis(Diptera: Empididae) is newly described and includes six species, four from Australia –T.austerasp.n.,T.esperancesp.n.,T.minutasp.n., andT.turimettasp.n., and two from New Zealand –T.otakouensis(Miller) comb.n., andT.takakasp.n. It occurs in coastal habitats and is defined by a unique synapomorphy, a modified triangular female oviscapt (tergum 10). However, the genus shows variable expression in characters considered to be of higher taxonomic importance in the Empidinae. The tribes Hilarini and Empidini are discussed and redefi

ISSN:0307-6970    

DOI:10.1046/j.1365-3113.1996.d01-2.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper reviews the historical treatment of the tribe Sabethini and genus‐group taxa and examines the unusual life histories associated with the group. Although recognized by taxonomists as distinct, the taxonomic position of sabethines has been questioned and their rank within the family Culicidae unstable. In order to evaluate the current status of the classification of the tribe a cladistic analysis is performed. Thirty‐seven taxa are selected from within the Sabethini and two outgroups were chosen from the tribe Aedini. Exemplars are selected from genus‐group taxa world‐wide and new and traditional character systems examined in larval, pupal and adult life stages. The results firmly establish the sabethines as a monophyletic group. However, the generaRunchomyia,TripteroidesandWyeomyiaare not demonstrably monophyletic. In addition, the data support the New World taxa as a monophyletic group to a paraphyletic assemblage of Old World taxa. The pattern displayed by the cladogram suggests the ability to vector arboviruses has arisen more than once in mos

ISSN:0307-6970    

DOI:10.1046/j.1365-3113.1996.d01-1.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Ibaliidae are a small family of cynipoid wasps, the members of which parasitize woodboring siricid larvae in hardwoods and conifers. The 19 currently recognized extant species occur mainly in the Northern Hemisphere. No fossils are known despite the presumed old age of the family. We present a cladistic analysis of ibaliid relationships at the species‐level, mainly based on external skeletal characters of adults. The results indicate that the three genera (Eileenella,Heteribalia,Ibalia) and two subgenera ofIbalia(Ibalias. str.andTremibalia) recognized in the current classification are monophyletic. Three different categories of characters were compared for their phylogenetic usefulness. Homoplasy was found to be lowest for main structures, higher for sculptural characters, and still higher for colour differences. The historical biogeography of the family was reconstructed using dispersal–vicariance analysis in combination with palaeogeographical data. The results suggest that the family primarily diversified within the eastern Palaearctic–northern Oriental region. The nominate subgenus ofIbaliadispersed early to the western Nearctic, where it radiated; two species later spread throughout the Holarctic. The other subgenus ofIbaliashows an early eastern Palaearctic–eastern Nearctic disjunction which presumably dates back to the Eocene–Oligocene t

ISSN:0307-6970    

DOI:10.1046/j.1365-3113.1996.d01-4.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Phylogenetic relationships between the families of the infraorder Culicomorpha were investigated by using partial 28S ribosomal RNA gene sequences. All families traditionally placed in this infraorder were investigated and confirmed as clades. On the other hand, some of the morphological relationships between these families were found to be in disagreement with phylogenies based on molecular characters. Our results did not support the generally accepted division of the Culicomorpha into two superfamilies, the Culicoidea (Culicidae + Corethrellidae + Chaoboridae + Dixidae) and the Chironomoidea (Chironomidae + Ceratopogonidae + Simuliidae + Thaumaleidae). Precisely, if the sister‐group relationship between Culicidae, Chaoboridae and Corethrellidae was clearly confirmed, the Dixidae, traditionally considered as closely related to these two families, were not placed close to them on our trees. On the other hand, strong evidence was found for grouping together the Simuliidae and the Thaumaleidae, in spite of the cytological and morphological differences between these two families. The position of the Ceratopogonidae was uncertain, and the Chironomidae appeared as a possible sister group to the rest of Culicomorpha. The phylogenetic positions of the groups characterized by feeding on vertebrate blood or insect haemolymph (the Culicidae, Chaoboridae, Ceratopogonidae and Simuliidae) suggest that haematophagy has appeared at least twice in the evolution of Culicomorph

ISSN:0307-6970    

DOI:10.1046/j.1365-3113.1996.d01-5.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY