摘要:

Lice of the subgenusDennyus(Collodennyus) are host specific, permanent parasites of swiftlets (Aves: Apodidae). As a prelude to a test of the hypothesis that these lice have cospeciated with their hosts, we revise the taxonomy of the subgenus, redescribing the seven previously recognized species, and adding thirteen new species and three new subspecies. All twenty‐three of these louse taxa are found on swiftlets (Apodiformes: Apodidae), with four from hosts of the genusCollocalia, eighteen fromAerodramus, and one fromHydrochous. Successful identification is associated in most cases with females; males are only tenuously separable. A complete host–parasite list for the subgenusCollodennyusis provided, as well as a key for the identification of these taxa. Limited morphological variation within the subgenus has prevented ready extraction of discrete characters for cladistic analysis. In the absence of such characters, a cluster analysis of female and male lice is presented. Comparison of a dendrogram forDennyus(Collodennyus) with a molecular phylogeny for the swiftlet hosts suggests that the history of the swiftlet–louse association has been complex, including episodes of host switching and independent speciation by the

ISSN:0307-6970    

DOI:10.1046/j.1365-3113.1996.d01-13.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The existence of cryptic, sibling species, distinguished principally by vibrational courtship songs, has been confirmed for thecarnea‐group ofChrysoperlagreen lacewings in Europe and western Asia. One member of this species‐group,C.lucasina(Lacroix), is characterized by several morphological traits as well, but its taxonomic validity has been considered uncertain due to the subtle and variable nature of those traits. Here, we describe the calling and courtship songs ofC.lucasina, which uniquely distinguish that taxon from all other members of thecarnea‐group in Europe. The male ofC.lucasinaproduces two slightly but consistently different types of songs, one while calling and the other while dueting with a female. The female produces just one type of song, identical to the male’s calling song, which is used for both calling and dueting. Measured features of the songs ofC.lucasinaare nearly invariant over a broad geographical area, from the Canary Islands to Cyprus and from northern Africa to the U.K. Similarly, at least one morphological feature, the presence of a dark stripe on the pleuron of the second abdominal segment, characterizes all adult individuals identified acoustically asC.lucasina. Furthermore, larval head markings vary little among different populations of the song species. We conclude thatC.lucasinais a valid biological species, which can also be recognized in museum collections by a suite of morphological attributes. We also briefly compare the songs and adult morphology ofC.lucasinawith five other currently unnamed song species of thecarnea‐group whose geographic ranges overlap extensivel

ISSN:0307-6970    

DOI:10.1046/j.1365-3113.1996.d01-11.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A new phylogenetic system of the Noctuidae is proposed. The system should, however, be regarded as provisional because it is primarily based on only two character complexes: the male genitalia and the tympanal region. The presence of preabdominal brush‐organs and the length of tibial spurs in the adult male, the presence of a ventral cervical gland and the lack of the SV 2 setae on the first abdominal segment of the larvae are considered. The results confirm the monophyly of the Noctuidae. The Herminiinae are considered to represent the sister‐group of all other Noctuidae. Remaining noctuid subfamilies are grouped in a series of clades for which the corresponding autapomorphies are given. Some formerly accepted subfamilies, such as the Acontiinae, prove to be polyphyletic. Accordingly, these subfamilies are subdivided into separate lineages. A sister‐group relationship between the Noctuidae and the Aganaidae is supported. These two families may be united with the Arctiidae to form a still broader

ISSN:0307-6970    

DOI:10.1046/j.1365-3113.1996.d01-14.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The New World ant genusPseudomyrmex(subfamily Pseudomyrmecinae) contains about 180 species, of which only one workerless social parasite,P.leptosus, from Florida, has been previously recorded. A new species discovered recently in northern Argentina,P.inquilinussp. nov., is more derived morphologically and behaviourally thanP.leptosusand has convergently developed features characteristic of the workerless inquilines known in other ant subfamilies. These features include diminutive size, reduced mouthparts, a broadened petiole and postpetiole, well‐developed subpetiolar and subpostpetiolar processes, and the habit of straddling the gaster of the host queen. A cladistic analysis confirms that the new species is not closely related to its host nor toP.leptosus; it belongs in fact to a different species complex within the genusPseudomyrmex. Two widespread Neotropical species,P.filiformisandP.subater, to whichP.inquilinusappears to be related, show indications of being temporary social parasites on other, unrelated species ofPseudomyrmex. Thus, there is evidence from comparative natural history that the extreme social parasitism seen in the new species from Argentina was preceded by a period of temporary social parasitism, but ‘Emery’s Rule’– the claim that social parasites are close relatives of, and evolve from, their hosts – is not supported. Rather, parasitism inPseudomyrmexseems to have arisen through interspecific colonization and exploitation of congeners. A review of the evidence suggests that Emery’s Rule has received too uncritical an acceptance in the literature on social parasitism. Uncertainties about the generality of Emery’s Rule and about the plausibility of achieving prezygotic isolation under sympatric conditions undermine the theory that social parasites evolve from within populations of the

ISSN:0307-6970    

DOI:10.1046/j.1365-3113.1996.d01-12.x

出版商:Blackwell Science Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY