ISSN:0002-8231    

DOI:10.1002/asi.4630330502

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0002-8231    

DOI:10.1002/asi.4630330503

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe general availability of government‐sponsored studies on scientific and technical information (STI) provides an opportunity to trace the development of “marketing research” in a specific industry. A review of this research tradition revealed two major orientations; a series of “user”‐oriented studies, followed by “systems”‐oriented studies. It is suggested that traditional STI user studies may have produced “myopic” research results, and systems studies may have produced “macropic” research results for STI policy decisions. An emerging “managerial” orientation is identified which espouses the definition of a more meaningful unit of analysis as the foc

ISSN:0002-8231    

DOI:10.1002/asi.4630330504

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA variety of query forms used in library information systems are expressed in a generalized notation. The formal notation is based on a set‐theoretic application of the theory of relations. Three relations, the FIELD, the inverse FIELD, and the RECORD, and several compositions of these relations are defined on different sets to express the file access operations in known‐item and subject searches, browsing, and the clustering operation. Truncation and word proximity searching are also discussed, with some examples of structural choices available for implementing these operations. Advantages in development of a general notation include (1) the provision of a meta‐language for comparison of the capabilities of different information systems, and (2) the division of basic library query forms into smaller components which are related directly to the computer systems analyst's design choices of file structure and access me

ISSN:0002-8231    

DOI:10.1002/asi.4630330505

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe heterogeneity of author self‐citations is highlighted and a systematic scheme for their classification is presented. Self‐citations are either synchronous or diachronous and each of these classes or genera has four subclasses or species. The distribution of self‐citations among the four species is governed by a number of factors including collaborative tendencies in the discipline or research specialty and the relative statuses of the collaborating authors. The classification of self‐citations may be applied to study aspects of research collaboration and the matter of egotism in scholar

ISSN:0002-8231    

DOI:10.1002/asi.4630330506

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWhat does the frequency of occurrence of different words in an article have to do with the number of times an article is cited? Or, for that matter, with the number of publications an author has? All of these—word frequency, citation frequency, and publication frequency‐obey an ubiquitous distribution called Zipf's law. Zipf's law applies as well to such diverse subjects as income distribution, firm size, and biological genera and species. Zipf in 1949 described a hyperbolic rank‐frequency word distribution, which he fitted to a number of texts. He stated that if all unique words in a text are arranged (or ranked) in order of decreasing frequency of occurrence, the product of frequency times rank yields a constant which is approximately equal for all words in a text. The law has been shown to encompass many natural phenomena, and is equivalent to the distributions of Yule, Lotka, Pareto, Bradford, and Price. An ubiquitous empirical regularity suggests some universal principal. This article examines a number of theoretical derivations of the law, in order to show the relationship between the many attempts at ascertaining a theoretical justification for the phenomenon. We then briefly examine some of the ramifications of applying the law to the bibliographic database enviro

ISSN:0002-8231    

DOI:10.1002/asi.4630330507

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article describes an ongoing project in the automatic classification of Louis Harris survey questions. The purpose of the project is to explore the feasibility of automatically organizing the questions in a form that can be usefully presented to researchers and to investigate the problems associated with automatic classification of natural language text. In general, the experiment reported here supports the belief that an important application of automatic classification is to transform an intractable mass of data into a structure suitable for further human processing.

ISSN:0002-8231    

DOI:10.1002/asi.4630330508

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe are moving toward a postindustrial society in which knowledge and information are strategic resources. Central to this society are information, communication, and computer technology implying social changes, which in turn imply major policy questions. There is a need to consider the present and future effect of large‐scale computerization on the individual's rights, style of life, method of work, and the ways in which society and institutions operat

ISSN:0002-8231    

DOI:10.1002/asi.4630330509

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article offers a personal look back at the origins and early use of associative search techniques, and also a look forward at more theoretical approaches to the document retrieval problems. The purpose is to contrast the following two different ways of improving system performance: (1) appending associative search techniques to more or less standard (conventional) document retrieval systems, and (2) designing document retrieval systems based on more fundamental and appropriate principles namely probabilistic design principles. Very recent work on probabilistic approaches to the document retrieval problem has provided a new (and rare) unification of two previously competing models. In light of this, I argue that if we had to choose the best way to improve performance of a document retrieval system, it would be wiser to implement, test, and evaluate this new unified model, rather than to continue to use associative techniques which are coupled to conventionally designed retrieval systems.

ISSN:0002-8231    

DOI:10.1002/asi.4630330510

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article is concerned with a layout of methodological apparatus revealing the logical transition of information theory from one kind to another, creating from the existing information theory (i.e., informal theory) (i) a near‐formal information‐theoretic axiomatic system and (ii) an information metatheory (only briefly sketched here). The most outstanding example manifesting such an evolution (“optimization”) in the methodology of natural sciences is the transition of mathematics to meta‐mathematics. The significance of this approach lies in defining the subject matter to be studied, as well as in explicating its feature, and possibly forecasting new ones. Based on this knowledge an attempt to reconstruct a known model of scientific evolution of S. Watanabe is made. The modification of this model is “case‐oriented,” i.e., it depends on the mentioned metatheoretical reasons. The evolution of the information systems science via such a dynamical tool as the metatheoretical approach is grounded most generally in the developed informal theory confronted with the human a

ISSN:0002-8231    

DOI:10.1002/asi.4630330511

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY