摘要:

In many sports, large forces and torques are produced at the elbow that lead to fast movements and a full range of motion. In baseball pitching. varus torque is produced when the arm is in external rotation. This torque includes compression at the radiocapitellar joint and tension in the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL). After ball release, compressive force approaching 100% of bodyweight is produced to prevent elbow dislocation. Compared to baseball pitching, football passing produces greater elbow flexion and medial force, and less varus torque: Furthermore, elbow extension is not as rapid and arm deceleration compressive force is not as great. During the tennis serve, elbow extension is largely due to triceps contraction. During javelin throwing. the elbow extends fairly quickly, terminating well short of full extension. During underhand Softball pitching, the elbow produces compressive force and fairly rapid flexion. Elbow compressive force during pushups is equal to 45% of bodyweight. Compressive force during two-arm pushups (which are similar to falling on an arm) is 31% greater.

ISSN:1062-8592    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This review focuses on the relevant clinical anatomy and pathomechanics of the elbow as they directly relate to specific athletic activities and injury patterns. An appreciation of the anatomy and mechanics of the elbow will facilitate health care professionals in the care of sports-related injuries.

ISSN:1062-8592    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The elbow, by its design and position, is accountable for promoting profitable shoulder, arm. and hand maneuvers that are used in routine activities and sports participation. Primarily responsible for flexion and extension, the elbow also assumes the functions of pronation and supination as a result of the integrity of the proximal radioulnar articulation. For any sport injury, obtaining an accurate history is foundational to successful treatment. Pertinent information is best gleaned from quality questions. It is an advantage for both the athlete and the examining physician that the entire medical team be present in the training room, at practice, and at the contest venue on a routine basis. Mass screening and office visits are viable procedures to adequately depict elbow characteristics, properties, and inadequacies. The actual physical examination. from visualization, strength evaluation, and palpation, to assessment is presented in a structured fashion. Special attention is allotted to each elbow compartment with regard to functional anatomy and pathology. Paragraphs on imaging, special studies, and prevention conclude the article.

ISSN:1062-8592    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The athletic elbow is subjected to tremendous stress both intrinsic and extrinsic to the joint. As a result, elbow injuries are commonly seen in athletes, particularly the throwing athlete. Some injuries, such as fractures and dislocations, are the results of direct trauma. Other injuries, such as ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) tears, are due to internal forces placed on the joint, especially during throwing. Imaging of the elbow has become much more sophisticated recently due to advancements and refinements in technology. Individualized imaging protocols should be developed for each patient based on history and physical examination.

ISSN:1062-8592    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Elbow arthroscopy is a very useful modality in the diagnosis and treatment of athletic elbow injuries. Over the past decade, the indications for elbow arthroscopy have broadened to include loose body and osteophyte removal, synovectomy, joint contracture release, evaluation of undiagnosed elbow pain, evaluation and treatment of acute fractures, and diagnosis of ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) tears. Advantages over open techniques include the ability to view the entire elbow joint and carry out treatment with minimal soft tissue dissection, low morbidity, and a rapid return of the athlete to competition. Complications may be avoided by an understanding of normal elbow anatomy and by use of meticulous arthroscopic technique. As the interest in elbow arthroscopy continues to expand, further indications will be delineated.

ISSN:1062-8592    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Tendinopathy is a relatively new compound word made up of the noun portion, “tendon,” and the descriptive or adjective portion, “pathy.” Pathy is derived from the Greek word pathos meaning, literally, disease. Therefore, in musculoskeletal vernacular, tendinopathy signifies a tendon in a diseased or morbid (from Latin morbidus for sick) state or unhealthy condition. However, etiology, histology, magnitude, or sequelae of the inferred pathology are not inherent in the term. Prior to 1990 (1), tendon pathology was classically referred to as tendinitis. It is now understood that sport and sport-like, repetitive activities are capable of producing an inflammatory reaction in the paratenon, but, at the same time, a degenerative process is recognized in the functioning intact tendon. Such a degenerative picture, especially as a result of overload, was labelled tendinosis (2), which, like tendinopathy, denotes an unhealthy condition although an inflammatory state unless the tendon is ruptured. The terms tendinosis and tendinopathy could, conceivably, be interchanged. This article deals with the clinical picture, anatomy, and pathology of certain common tendinous maladies that present about the elbow

ISSN:1062-8592    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Fractures about the elbow occur from direct trauma due to falls and tortion from throwing activities. Principles of treatment include preservation of motion, articular congruity. and joint stability. Stable fractures are treated conservatively; unstable fractures or displaced articular fractures usually require open reduction and internal fixation. Both open and closed treatments must allow for early motion in order to prevent stiffness. Fractures of the distal humerus, olecranon, radial head, and coronoid are discussed.

ISSN:1062-8592    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Elbow dislocations are unusual events in the athlete. They are not peculiar to any particular sport, and most result from a significant fall on the outstretched hand. They are traditionally classified according to direction of dislocation, but recent reviews have proposed schemes relating them to degree of tissue injury and resultant instability. A complete dislocation virtually always involves injury to the anterior capsule, medial ligaments, lateral ligaments, brachialis muscle, and, sometimes, flexor pronator. Associated injuries include those to bony and neurovascular structures. Appropriate care includes thorough prereduction evaluation followed by gentle reduction of the dislocation. Repair of torn ligaments is rarely indicated, but some thought should be given to this for the throwing athlete. For the athlete, immobilization should be fairly brief, and rehabilitation to regain range of motion and strength should be aggressive. Most athletes can resume their preinjury status after a simple dislocation. Arthroscopic debridement of adhesions, should they develop, can significantly improve elbow pain and function.

ISSN:1062-8592    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum is seen most commonly in adolescents. Usually repetitive motion, e.g., throwing, or activities that increase the load across the elbow, e.g., gymnastics, are causative factors. Initial symptoms may be pain, loss of motion (especially extension), catching, locking, or swelling. Diagnosis is made by plain x-rays, although computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are sometimes required. Initial treatment is conservative unless the patient presents with an advanced stage. Recommended surgery is elbow arthroscopy with removal of all loose fragments and abrasion chondroplasty, followed by early active motion and strengthening. This allows return to activities in most individuals.

ISSN:1062-8592    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Valgus extension overload syndrome describes the wide spectrum of elbow injuries seen in the high-performance throwing athlete. Upon presentation, age will segregate patients as either adolescent or adult. Adolescent throwers develop valgus extension overload syndrome just like their adult counterparts. However, since their musculoskeletal system is immature, their specific diagnosis will be different. In adult athletes, valgus extension overload syndrome includes five types of injuries: type I, ulnar collateral ligament (UCL); type II, posterior medial impingement: type III. flexor pronator injury; type IV, peripheral nerve entrapment: and type V, radiocapitellar overload. Conditioning, evaluation, and treatment of the throwing athlete is advanced when all of the types of injuries that result from valgus extension overload syndrome are recognized and understood by their caretaker.

ISSN:1062-8592    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID