摘要:

AbstractMethods for measuring respiratory activity can detect adverse effects on heterotrophic microorganisms. These methods are useful tools for assessing the impact of chemicals on biological wastewater treatment processes. They are also well suited for evaluating the treatability potential of individual wastes. However, varying results are often reported when using municipal or industrial activated sludge substrate in toxicity assessments. The lack of reproducibility of these tests has also greatly limited efforts to measure the effectiveness of treatment plants in removing toxic contaminants. The toxicity of waste‐waters and chemicals to biological treatment systems can be determined in 30 min with the new Polytox® toxicity procedure. The Polytox® kit utilizes a specialized blend of bacterial cultures. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the relative sensitivity of the new Polytox® toxicity procedure with two accepted microbial assay procedures; namely, the Microtox® bioluminescence assay and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development's Activated Sludge Respiration Inhibition test. This paper compares toxicity values for selected inorganic and organic chemicals as determined in the three microbial assay systems. The sensitivity and reliability of the new Polytox® toxicity procedure is dis

ISSN:0884-8181    

DOI:10.1002/tox.2540030402

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe genotoxic activity of 11 mycotoxins was investigated inEscherichia coliK12. The induction of the SOS functions fi Awhose level of expression is monitored by means of as fi A :: lac Zoperon fusion was assayed by measuring the β‐galactosidase activity in the PQ 37 strain. Most of these fungal metabolites did not induce SOS response in this bacterial test. Only aflatoxicol, a reduced metabolite of aflatoxin B1, was well detected as an SOS inducer if metabolic activation was performed. Patulin, penicillic acid, and viomellein were only weak inducing agents. The other fungal compounds tested failed to demonstrate a positive SOS inducing activity. The relationship between the SOS Chromotest, mutagenicity toSalmonella typhimurium, andin vivocarcinogenicity was discuss

ISSN:0884-8181    

DOI:10.1002/tox.2540030403

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe citotoxicity of ivermectin, a streptomycete‐derived macrocyclic lactone active against a wide variety of nematode and arthropod parasites, was evaluated in pig kidney cells IB‐RS‐2. The cells were cultured in the presence of different levels of ivermectin for 72 h. The cell count decreased as ivermectin concentration in the medium was increased from 0 to 20 †g/mL, and this decrease was time and dose dependent; at 40 †g/mL cell death occurred within 24 h. Ivermectin (20 †g/mL) decreased protein synthesis and glucose utilization. These effects became progressively less between 48 and 72 h when compared to untr

ISSN:0884-8181    

DOI:10.1002/tox.2540030404

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPast and present Canadian experiences with biological tests for controlling the quality of wastewaters are discussed. Test use has evolved from data acquisition on acute toxicities, to physicochemical and biological parameters being regulated and monitored by industrial sector in the 1970s, and hazard assessments conducted by the 1980s. At a time when Environment Canada is reviewing its ecotoxicological procedures, new opportunities for waste assessment with “second generation” biotests are emerging. Recent experiences suggest that small‐scale, sensitive, biological tests can be employed for environmentally and economically effective control of effluents entering aquatic environments. It is also expected that biotesting activities will increase because of new environmental strategies and regulations. These will stimulate biological research and development, and promote a partnership between ecotoxicology, environmental chemistry, and biotechn

ISSN:0884-8181    

DOI:10.1002/tox.2540030405

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTests are needed to make predictions of pesticide fate and pattern of influence on nontarget organisms in the terrestrial environment. Problems connected with testing and the evaluation of test results are discussed. It is argued that if the effects of factors influencing qualitative and quantitative properties of pesticide decomposition could be expressed in mathematical form, such as equations with rate constants, this would be an efficient test system. There are two approaches to testing the influence of a pesticide on soil organisms; to establish the magnitude and type of any response, or to ascertain whether or not a pesticide constitutes a hazard to the soil organisms and consequently to soil fertility. It is concluded that there is a pressing need for development of means of interpreting data obtained in tests with pesticides.

ISSN:0884-8181    

DOI:10.1002/tox.2540030406

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn analysis was conducted to estimate the relative sensitivities of algae, bacteria, fish, and invertebrates to one chemical—phenol. Results from 234 studies to estimate the toxicity (EC50or LC50value) of phenol to 1 rotifer, 3 algal species, 4 leech species, 9 worm species, 12 fish species, 13 water mite species, 20 bivalve species, 22 crustacean species, greater than 26 bacterial species, and 39 insect species were analyzed to estimate relative,not absolute, sensitivities within and between species and between groups of species.EC50 values from conducting ten 5‐min Microtox® tests were very similar as were EC50 values from conducting two activated sludge respiration inhibition tests. Three‐fold and thirty‐fold differences were observed for two 120‐min Motility and two Oxygen‐depletion tests, respectively. Most of the fish within‐species variability could be accounted for by differences in test temperatures. Most of the invertebrate within‐species variability could be accounted for by lab‐to‐lab or test‐to‐test variability.Differences between bacterial tests to measure five physiological endpoints (bioluminescence, respiration, growth, dehydrogenase, motility) were estimated. Differences between the EC50 values for the two tests to measure bioluminescence were significant. However, none of the mean EC50 values from tests to measure five physiological end‐points appeared to be significantly different. Mean LC50 values from conducting fish tests were compared; only the rainbow trout and fathead minnow were significantly different.A comparison of relative species sensitivity suggested that bluegills, daphnids, fathead minnows, featherbacks, giant gourami grass shrimp, guppies,P. phosphoreumin the 5‐min Microtox® test or rainbow trout were among the more sensitive species to the acute effects of phenol. A comparison of groups of species suggested that caddisfly or dragonfly larvae, crustaceans, daphnids, fish, shrimp and water fleas were among the more sensitive species groups t

ISSN:0884-8181    

DOI:10.1002/tox.2540030407

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0884-8181    

DOI:10.1002/tox.2540030401

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY